The City vs. the Country: Preserving the Memories in a Fast-Paced World

Romantic poets of the past attempted to portray the idea that emotion is more important than reason.   Perhaps they are reacting to the new emphasis of reason and rationalism and feared that people might forget the more esoteric benefits of nature and emotion and reflection.In William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Lines Composed a Few miles Above Tintern Abbey,† the city and the country are contrasted for the reader through the use of reflective imagery and symbolism in an effort to reconnect the reader with these passions and to encourage his use of memory to summon strength.Wordsworth believed, as did all romantic poets, in writing from the heart.   Thus his poem is a reflection of his two visits to Tintern Abbey, a former medieval church.   The beauty of this natural surrounding is the subject of the poem.His first solitary visit occurred five years earlier than his second visit with his sister.   He hopes to give her an escape from her grief and sadness in the future b y providing her with the memories of this visit.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the reader can be seen as an extension of the sister, the symbol of all people who need to find solace in nature and the love and peace it produces.The second visit, for Wordsworth, is different from the first.   Upon his first visit, he recalls his initial passion about nature which he has since lost.   He recalls his love of nature and the comfort it had given him in lines 23-28:Here he gives his sister, and the reader, a look into his feelings about the view that he has missed.   He notes that he was not ‘blind’ to the view, but has called upon it while in the noisy and tiring cities.   Here, life in the city is presented negatively, as being an oppressive and unhealthy environment, while the natural, peaceful environment of Tintern Abbey is calming, soothing, and healing.Life for the speaker now, as a city dweller, is symbolized in line 39 as a â€Å"heavy and weary weight† and refers to his life there as one â€Å"of joyless daylight; when the fretful stir / Unprofitable, and the fever of the world, / have hung upon the beatings of my heart† (lines 52-55).   This gives the city life an essence of disease and pain while his second visit to the abbey gives him the rushing hope â€Å"That in this moment there is life and food / for future years† (lines 64-65).

Methodist denominations

Methodist denominations are today represented by four major churches: the United Methodist Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. The present paper describes and compares these four institutions.Historically, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church is a denomination, composed of African Americans, who adopt and employ Methodism as their religious worship (Bucke, p.340). â€Å"The group was organized in 1870 when several black ministers, with the full support of their white counterparts in the former Methodist Episcopal Church, South, met to form an organization that would allow them to establish and maintain their own polity, that is, to ordain their own bishops and ministers without the necessity of them being officially endorsed or appointed by the white-dominated body† (Bucke, p. 342). Nowadays, the organization has its publishing house in Memphis, Tennessee.According to inte rnal documentation concerning leadership, bishops are elected as superintendents of the church and can perform their duties until the age of 74, importantly, there are no gender restriction for this position, so females are entitled to be elected.   Bishops are supposed to appoint pastors (or local clergy), protect and preserve the beliefs of the church and perform ordinations (Heitzenrater, p. 348; Bucke, p. 343). The major characteristic of this denomination is the belief in the universal redemption, under which everyone can be saved, regardless of their ‘earthy’ activities.Other prominent beliefs include: the importance of Christian perfection and spiritual development; the possibility or leaving this church (for another one, or rejecting christian beliefs completely); the priority of faith; the possibility of witnessing the Holy Spirit in this life and the importance of observing sacraments (Baptism and the Lord’s Supper) (Heitzenrater, p. 351). The church has three branches of power – legislative (the General Conference), exeutive (Episcopacy) and judicial (the Judicial Council).The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church was also intended as a religious organization for individuals of color and was established in 1821. The word ‘Zion’ refers to the Biblical teachings and means ‘Church’ (Heitzenrater, p. 398). â€Å"The society of this new denomination called itself the â€Å"Freedom Church† at the time, because the founders decided to dedicate it to the liberation of the human spirit. Spiritual, social and economic freedom were very important to the founders† (Wigger, p. 284).The members of this church share almost the same beliefs as those who belong to the CME, but AME Zion seems to impose more obligations upon its participants, as its statute claims that individuals are basically miserable and therefore should dedicate themselves to serving God in order to receive the real blessing t he achieve personal liberty. This denomination is extremely concerned about the religious affairs in African countries and therefore its missionaries regularly visit the corresponding countries. While the CME is administered by bishop, who has the full range of entitlements, the most critical decisions in the AME Zion are taken during the general conference, but the hierarchy and bureaucracy in this denomination are also uncomplicated and actually not exceedingly formalized (Bucke, p. 401).The United Methodist Church is among the largest Protestant denominations (Wigger, p.225 ) , as it has accepted under its roof a number of minor organizations, which nowadays have very low level of autonomy and both officially and factually belong to the single church. â€Å"The United Methodist Church is organized into conferences† (Wigger, p.227).   The General Conference is the most influential organization, entitled to express the opinion of the whole church and to approve decisions a nd projects.The General Conference is gathered every four years, and each meeting results in the publication of the Book of Resolutions, or additional principles and plans to implement. Jurisdictional and Central Conferences are hierarchically lower and therefore accountable to the General Conference (Kimbrough, p. 118). The main objectives of the jurisdictional meetings (which also take place every four years) are electing bishops as well as chief administrators of the members units and planning basic activities for these executives.The Annual Conference, accordingly, is aimed at appointing minor clearly like pastors and (re-)interpreting the Book of Discipline. â€Å"Annual conferences are further divided into Districts, each served by a District Superintendent. The district superintendents are also appointed annually from the ordained elders of the Annual Conference by the bishop.District superintendents are not superior in ordination to other elders; upon completion of their se rvice a superintendent they   routinely return to serving local congregations† (Kimbrough, p. 119). Importantly, this denomination allows women to serve as bishops and in general observes the same Christian principles as the two above described organizations, based upon the individual salvation and outreach work with the disadvantaged.   On the other hand, the UM is a bureaucratic and formalized organization, which has strict leadership structure and therefore might be at risk of the monopolization of the power by the single participant (Kimbrough, p. 124).As for the clergy of the organization, they are divided into three ‘positions’: bishops, elders and deacons, the last group of religious workers are responsible for technical performance of liturgies and also might be employed as educators, musicians or business administrators, i.e. they can combine their participation in the UM with more secular activities.Elders have the same responsibilities, but the main difference between these two classes of the clergy is the regulation of appointments: deacons have a chance to choose the locality where they wish to serve, whereas elders are assigned directly by the Annual Conference (Kimbrough, p. 130; McEllhenney, p. 429). According to another classification, local pastors are distinguished from the other three categories.Local pastors, conversely to bishops, deacons and elders, are not required to have master’s degree in theology (divinity) or related sciences. In order to avoid the misuse of entitlements in local churches, the conferences can annually make new appointments for all local congregations, but the same deacons, elders and pastors serve at the certain local organization for years.The African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in the 1850s and has almost the same organization as the UM, so the primary decision-making body is the General Conference, during which bishops are elected. â€Å"The bishops are the chief Off icers of the Connectional Organization. They are elected for life by a majority vote of the General conference which meets ever four years. Bishops are bound by the laws of the church to retire following their 75th birthday† (Heitzenrater, p. 473).The Council of Bishops is also called the Executive Branch of the denomination, as it is responsible for applying the new statutes, adopted during the General Conference. The Board of Incorporators is the supervisory body that conducts analysis and partial control of the Council’s activities and determines whether they match to the overall religious course, established by the organization. The General Board is the administrative body, responsible for the distribution of material resources and financial affairs of the denomination, so it approves the decisions made by the Council of Bishops and provides the resources needed for applying new rules or principles, building new churches or colleges (this denomination has sixteen hi gher education institutions).The Judicial Council is charged with resolving the conflicts within the denomination and also dealing with corresponding appellations (McEllhenney, p. 463). The major mission of the AME is supporting the nurturing physical and spiritual development of its congregations as well as the whole society in general. More specific objectives are as follows: â€Å" 1) preaching the gospel; 2) feeding the hungry; 3) clothing the naked; 4) housing the homeless; 5) cheering the fallen; 6) providing jobs for the jobless; 7) administering of the needs of those in prisons, hospitals and nursing homes; 8) encouraging thrift and economic advancement† (McEllhenney, p. 658).In conclusion, it is necessary to summarize the similarities and differences between the denominations. First of all, they have approximately similar beliefs and missions, which necessarily include brotherly aid for those in need and education for the youth: all churches have their own education institutions, which provide holistic training in various disciplines beyond theology. Furthermore, all these churches are concerned about the current political and social affairs and although they do not directly engage into non-religious movements, they always state and publicize their attitudes towards such issues as terrorism, the U.S. trade deficiency and ethnic segregation, moreover, actively help ethnic minorities.As for a parishioner, all churches are comparatively ‘democratic’ in their beliefs and do not place too strict constraints upon the individual’s lifestyle (fasts etc) and skillfully use the principles of social work like the empowerment and reinforcement of community capacities. On the other hand, the united Methodist church and the African Methodist Church have more complicated hierarchical structure and therefore appear more ‘formal’ organizations and therefore have more prescriptions for deacons, elders and pastors, serving for loc al congregations.All denominations avoid gender discrimination and view females as equal to males in terms of their entitlements. Finally, the CME and the AME Zion appear more sensitive to the recent changes in social life or recent crises, as their responses to the adversities bred by hurricane Katrina were the most rapid,   even though these organizations are much smaller that the others.Works cited1)Bucke, E. The History of American Methodism. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1964.2)Heitzenrater, R. Wesley and the People Called Methodists. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995.3)Kimbrough, D. Reverend Joseph Tarkington, Methodist Circuit Rider. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1997.4)McEllhenney, J. United Methodism in America: A Compact History. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992.5)Wigger, J. Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Assessing Leadership, Motivation, and Conflict Resolution through the Essay

Assessing Leadership, Motivation, and Conflict Resolution through the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator - Essay Example The MBTI is determined based on seven (7) human mental underlying performances: verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical, spatial, memory, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning. These performances are generally grouped and classified into four (4) cognitive styles: (1) sensation/thinking; (2) intuition/thinking; (3) sensation/feeling; and (4) intuition/feeling. These cognitive styles helps assess the individual's leadership potential and skills, motivations as part of an organization and group, and abilities to resolve conflicts. The sensation/thinking or ST cognitive style individual utilizes perception and rational thinking in decision-making tasks. An intuition/thinking (NT) makes use of impersonal analysis based not on facts, but on "possibilities" or what the individual perceives as the proper basis for his/her assessment/judgment. A sensation/feeling (SF) individual combines both personal judgment and perception based on facts in assessing a particular task or developing decisions for the group. Lastly, the intuition/feeling (NF) person would most likely use personal judgment and personal perception when analyzing a problem or undertaking within a group or organization. Given these kinds of characteristics for each cognitive style, the MBTI helps assess leadership based on the manner at which the individual develops

Negotiation styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiation styles - Essay Example Inter-net has acted wonders. The ever rising impacts of the globalisations have changed the terms of trade from that of the traditional ways of doing business. The same has been experienced by the â€Å"Yabbies R Us†. The organisation set up by the Adams family to supply the processed yabbies to a Perth based restaurant, is now exporting the same to certain foreign customers of Singapore. The organisation claims that it can export to any part of the world with in thirty-six hours. To set up deals with more foreign parties, the importance of negotiating skill is immense. The Adams group has to ensure best deal for them as they try to become a global player. Adams group plans to enter the western market (particularly that of Canada) with their product of processed yabbies. The group should know the various negotiation strategies prevailing in the country in order to be successful in their venture. The negotiation strategies generally commences with informal meets among the concerned parties in Canada. The authorities of ‘Yabbies R Us’ can invite some of the Canada based potential customers of the processed fish in an informal meet. The potential customers of yabbies would generally be hotels and restaurants. So, there are possibilities that the first meet takes place at the prospective customer’s place. But to have more negotiating power, the ‘Yabbies R Us’ authorities should try and select a different venue from that of the client’s place. The visiting party should not wait for the right moment to pitch their product. In most cases, it is the Canadian party that talks about the business purpose f irst. 1 In this initial step, the ‘Yabbies R us’ management should present their product in an informal way and should narrate their prospective counterpart, the long term business plans and the expected share of profit from the business. Once the negotiation starts with on an informal note, the

Television Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Television Audiences - Essay Example Since their time, the growth of the media has overwhelmed the world, the influences of film now specters of life creating needs within the public that are not truly relevant to the existence of life. Moreover, television has deteriorated in such a way that the boundaries between reality and fantasy are crossed injecting viewers with the belief that what they see is not a reflection through a medium of art, but the viewing of reality, the open door through which other lives can be lived vicariously. Reality television, a deception of the television media on the public, has now accomplished the fears that most plagued Adorno and his contemporaries - culture is fully infected with capitalism and the commoditized ideologies about life is not fully material. In a letter to Walter Benjamin on 3 March 1936, Theodor Adorno stated that both high art and the industrially produced consumer art are infused and burdened with the stigma of capitalism and as well are reflective of change. Adorno st ated â€Å"Both are torn halves of an integral freedom, to which, however, they do not add up† (Adorno and Bernstein 2). ... The goal of human philosophical framework has traditionally been for humanity to reach a state of enlightenment, free of the untruths which burden mankind from reaching a state of mastery over the world. Through disenchantment of the universe, mankind asserts authority and utilizes knowledge over myth as a means to navigate life. However, according to Horkheimer, Adorno, and Noerr, enlightenment has been a calamity. In the search to be freed from enchantment, man has become apathetic towards life. Bacon, who put forth the concepts of experimental philosophy, saw the search for knowledge as an active element towards the search for mastery. In conquering knowledge of the natural world, human beings are looking for a way to master nature and to master other human beings The violence of shattering myths has been caused by thought that is powerful enough to break apart cultures and to destroy belief systems.(2). What is left after the disenchantment of the universe is the master on his th rone, bored and waiting for something to make his blood boil with excitement once again. Gratification through consumerism has replaced the mythologies that once drove humans to seek answers. The culture industry creates false needs, replacing the true needs of the human spirit. Bougeois cultural production obliterates the possibility of art in either popular or autonomous creation (Thomson 79). The human mind has become so inundated with exterior stimulation that most people have become complacent, the space in between reality from which innovation and creativity emanates filled up with the insertions of the commodity fetishism from which the value of human interaction becomes seated within the

Business regulations and practice assignment Essay

Business regulations and practice assignment - Essay Example ourt decree that Genix to carry out the task as agreed under the contract, especially in the case where Larson has paid for the delivery, but Genix didnt ship the goods. Another one is contract reformation where the contract is written again to incorporate the party intents, as in the situation of Genix falling to prepare shipment the contract is rewritten to include shipment alternatively Genix can cancelled the contract and form a new contract to meet his needs and Larson s what is termed as contract rescission (Miller 267). Anticipatory repudiation is the act of promising party failing to adhere to his/her obligations under the agreed contact, it occurs as a result of one party evincing to carry out the contract, though it can be retracted by the promising party in case there is no material change in the state of promising party besides it becomes cumbersome to retract the contract if the promising party that repudiates fail to maintain the promise (Miller 267).In this context Hammer is very correct since in anticipatory repudiation there is retraction whenever alterations in the position of performing party interim, besides the good has not been sold, hence when Hammer has retracted the repudiation then Moore has breached the contract between

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Education - Essay Example cer by another name does not cure cancer, there is a need to confront the eligibility problem by strengthening the supportive attitude on children with disabilities, while introducing honest-to-goodness approaches to the admission problem on special children (Howard, 2012). The Lavender Scare came along Senator McCarthy’s Red Scare which prejudged homosexuals in Federal Government to be morally depraved and likely to sell classified information to Communists. State policies and laws caused homosexuals to lose their government jobs, while repressing the gay and lesbian subculture which once flourished during the Roosevelt administration. The Lavender Scare backfired and served as the roots of the gay rights movement. Court cases gave victories to homosexuals until discrimination was finally outlawed under the Civil Service Law (Johnson, n.d.). The Obama administration set the policy allowing homosexuals in the military establishment to openly reveal their sexual orientation without losing their employment. In some states today, gays enjoy same-sex marriage rights, while women have gained the right to priestly ordination in some Churches. Sex and gender biases have started to fade away. On teacher interaction with boys and girls, researches show that boys may need more attention from educators as two-thirds of them are labeled as learning disabled, alcoholic, drug violators and juveniles. On the other hand, women rights advocates claim girls need more attention from teachers, while eliminating negative attention being given to them (Gilah, 1987). Researches continue to establish patterns for teacher interactions with boys and/or girls. Already, male teachers coach girls’ sports teams, but a TV series like Glee portrayed the bias against women teachers coaching boys’ teams. Professional attitudes among educators may yet solve the problem of bias in teacher-student gender

ART WORLD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ART WORLD - Case Study Example I love games because they are sources of encouragement me and motivate me to be creative. Work interviewer: I may tend to agree with your opinion but, to a lesser extent. To a greater extent I would like to inform you that playing games alone does not provide all that our dreams and emotions recommend. Work provides most of the requirements for the prosperity of a society in all that the people aspire for. If I am to rate the playing of games, I would give it a third of fourth option on my priorities as what to do. I may advise one to engage into work. Work should at all times be viewed as the central most drivers to the society’s prosperity. Therefore, work should always be perceived as the core determinant of development in any upright society. Getting time to work and express my personhood in the form of labour would be my greatest desire. Play Interviewer: What argument do you base your interests on/ do you understand the dynamism behind the contribution of the social inte gration and playing? Are you in a position to collect the best knowledge that you have on the idealistic side of work and its contribution to societal order as is currently done by playing? Work interviewer: The work place holds a lot of relevance to the social and mental growth of humans. At the work place one expects to meet people of diverse backgrounds from different sections in the world who posses diverse personalities. The forthright expectation would be that the recognition of people’s diversity will greatly enhance the manner and types of conversations I may engage myself into with the workmates around me. As such, I will be able to visualize myself among a group of people with similar intellectual capacities and with whom I may easily interact with. The interaction leads to acquisition of expertise and skills, diversely. Consequently, the exposure to the different work environment and various people of diverse origins gives one the ability to learn and variedly expl ore the social environments one works in. The attainment of this aspect greatly implies to the adoption of social learning techniques among personalities. The same also implies that there is a constant growth in proper mentalities needed to develop the societies (Van Laar & Diepeveen, 2013. p. 150). Play Interviewer: One cannot work continuously without taking commercial breaks/pauses to engage in other co-curricular activities such as playing games. Playing of games such as cricket and golf has been identified within the personality traits of intellectuals as tools for the satisfaction of their biological and social needs. This calls for deeper exploration anchored on great insights on the explicit aims and rules of playing a game, given all the accounts for the reactions in the body systems and the psychological output of playing. The internal structure of play is only contingently connected to its putative function. The main reason for this is that, through playing, can a person develop, and enhance their social developmental skills and capacities. Based on these facts, can you be able to outline and articulate the major aims and objectives of work with your reasoning and expression to the great passion derived from the comfort and satisfaction that working gives to you. Work interviewer: Work defines the relevance level of a person’s position to improve the society. The rationality in a person is determined by the ability to deliver the labour he possess to enhance the welfare of the entire society. If

Ethical Issues Econet Needs to Consider in Its Operational Activities Coursework

Ethical Issues Econet Needs to Consider in Its Operational Activities - Coursework Example This paper illustrates that one of the ethical issues Econet needs to consider in its operational activities is the working conditions of the employees. It involves the safety of the employees being guaranteed in their working environment by providing the necessary equipment and special attires for some unique jobs. Working conditions also should embrace the compensation of the employees for the period they have worked. Another business ethics to be considered is discrimination. Discrimination may involve harassment of the female employees based on their gender or the act of diminishing the new employees that join the organization. Sensitivity training should be conducted to limit the chances of discrimination among the employees. Additionally, the ethical issue of corporate governance should be considered. It is a system by which a company is directed and controlled. It is evident that corporate governance is predestined to maximize shareholders value and protect the interest of oth er stakeholders. Statistics have proven that improved corporate governance enhances value to the company’s operational performance. The company can rationalize management and monitor risks that a firm may face globally. Also, the company guarantee the truthfulness of the financial reports and obtains a long-term reputation among key stakeholders. Another ethical issue to be considered by Econet is the legal and regulatory compliance. The managers should ensure that environmental laws, fiscal and monetary reporting principles and all applicable civil rights are complied with to ensure the smooth running of the firm. The researcher is also going to evaluate the influence stakeholders exert on Econet. Some of the stakeholders in the company are the customers, shareholders, employees, suppliers, and government. Employees are the internal stakeholders who are involved in the day-to-day activities of the company. Employees’ productivity influences the performance of the comp any in the market space. As for customers, they are the external stakeholders. It is evident that customers influence the profit margins and turnover through buying products and services. Suppliers are external stakeholders who influence Econet operations by supplying various products. When suppliers avail, the product in time Econet can fulfill their customers’ needs.

Designing a Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Designing a Study - Assignment Example To test the hypothesis, the Wilcoxon signed rank tests would be the fitting test. This test examines whether the data available supports the assertion that a prolonged daily exercise length implies a faster rate of weight loss. The test has been used previously in similarly befitting roles. (Han et al. 2011) notes: We used two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests for differences in location for these variables as well as for age and years of education. To carry out the test, the researcher needs to calculate the differences in recorded weights before and after the study period. All weight losses will be noted with a plus sign and all gains by a minus sign. Because the positive results (those with plus signs) are the center of our study, we assign them the title k-observed, denoted as kobs. Then using the value of the smallest integer kÃŽ ± we shall calculate the rejection region for kobs. We then observe whether our kobs is contained in R, that is without the boundaries of the rejection region. If kobsЄR, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Let us put our R at 4, just for illustration. If kobs=3, then we fail to reject the H0 owing to the earlier explanation that kobsЄR. Han, X., Rozen, S., Boyle, S. H., Hellegers, C., Cheng, H., Burke, J. R†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, Kaddurah-Daouk, R. (2011). Metabolomics in Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Identification of Altered Plasma Sphingolipidome Using Shotgun Lipidomics. Lipidomics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Vol 6. Issue 7. p. 7. Nishiumi, S., Kobayashi, T., Ikenda, A., Yoshie, T., Kibi, M., Izumi, Y.,†¦..Yoshida, M. (2012). A Novel Serum Metabolomics-Based Diagnostic Approach for Colorectal Cancer. Metabolomics for Colorectal Cancer. Vol. 7, issue 7. p. 4. Plichta, S. B., Kelvin, E. Munros Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. Statistical Methods for Health

Evolution Of Cities As A Catalyst To Civilization Essay Example for Free

Evolution Of Cities As A Catalyst To Civilization Essay The paper seeks to explain the dynamics resulting to the civilization and modernization of our time, using the Athens, Rome, and Alexandria, Chinese cum Indian as a part of the explanation. The rise of democratic government as it relates to the development of cities, modern cities. The impact of religion, politics, leadership idiosyncrasy, trade and commerce, caste /Kinship system as it influenced the evolution of the modern city or state. The paper also looks at Contemporary cities in China and Europe. THE ANCIENT STRUCTURES OF CITIES The misconception of cities as related to population or numerical strength is prevalent even till date, but cities are defined from the perspective of population density; the square metres of the milieu, as it affects the problems of population explosion, the ancient had city states and imperial city state, the imperial denotes the undertone in the political system, which further affects the formation of the city or design(Reilly:128-129) The capital city functioned autonomously and even democratically in its activities, the cities in most cases served the egoistic purposes of rulers. Howbeit , the capital cities were much or less commercial hubs, where transactions from neighbouring and internal trade was operating, the influence of trade had a huge impact on the development or evolution of the state ,for instance it was within and without leading to the success of trade. The Utilitarian function of a city-state as posited by Aristotle is subject to debate, the ancient structure, he speaks in an ironic way, and Athens as submitted is overblown in expression an exaggerated existing city-state as disclosed in the strangers view. (Ibid)The cities flowing from the aforementioned creates a divergence from what we have now in the modern day, it lacks a lot of facilities. Athens is further depicted as a peasant village. (ibid, 130). The political structure of city-states is worthy of note here, power was exercised by majority, which is a sharp contrast with our modern cities. The exclusion of women and slaves from vital decision shows a gender imbalance, which in our modern cities to a huge extent has been addressed. The Athenian political system, however allowed for more participation and equality as political positions were occupied by lottery and not voter, per chance. It also allows professionalism cum promotion of skills. The importance of recreation, is also crucial in this paper, as the Athenian cities had time to have fun, the ampitheater,agora ,acropolis were centres of attraction, this in a way shows the evolution of all the good things we enjoy in the modern day ,declaring and affirming, they never fell from the sky. Alexandra the great as a student of Aristotle reveals the development of the city – states, toward complexity and more openness, depicted by architectural designs and imperialism. (Ibid, 134) . Ancient Rome was however characterised by most problems faced in contemporary cities, the cost of living as a good example, the show of power, class division and rule, identity was a paramount phenomenon in Rome. In India, it depicts the evolution of a commercial city other than the duo categorisation of cities, the debate of Indians commercial status is something countered by the existence of caste structures, religious beliefs and norms shaping their activities. The argument of this part is that the ancient states evolved from a small beginning, democratic to some extent to a powerful force to reckon with, this came decadence and other things that are evidenced by Rome. This in a way shows how the present cities react to globalization and liberalism in the context of continual revolution. RELIGIOUS INCLINATION AND THE SURGE TO CIVILIZATION The annexation of new colonies and empires, wars of conquest, created different shapes of emerging societies and cities majorly influenced by commerce and specialization of skills. Religion played a key role in the spread of commerce and its importance in major cities, Buddhism and Jainism were materialistic in approach, they believed in atheistism, making the relevance of gods or Supreme Being invalid, trade and commerce however formed the basis of those that believe in the duo ways of religion, this did not allow them to involve in agriculture as the religion did not allow killing of insects, Buddhism thus lays emphasis on cities. (Ibid, 147-150). The trade of Gupta kingdom represents the impact of trade as a main instrument of networking, spread of ideas as we have in the Contemporary cities, a replica of structures and buildings,governance,systems are always shared in the globe. The spread of these ideas around the ancient empires can be deduced as a mechanism of civilization, as education grew more and more in major cities and empires. The beauty and prominence of Gupta made it a centre of civilization, as pilgrims journeyed as far to visit the city. The political economy path however explains the issue of political democracy and economic perspective, the dependence of the economy on political systems. The political cum economic systems however, dictates the pace of development and progress in the Ancient cities.

Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

Courage in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay The book, To Kill a Mockingbird, is told from the point of view of a girl named Scout Finch. The story is set in a predominantly white neighborhood. Scouts father is a lawyer, and the story begins when he is tasked to defend an African-American wrongly accused of raping a white woman (Lee 2002). The involvement of Atticus Finch in this case brings upon them verbal and physical abuse, such that Scout almost fought off her aggressors in school with her fists (Lee 2002). Her father, Atticus, tells her not to be provoked, to keep out of trouble, as they should not mind what other people are saying (Lee 2002).   This shows what Plutarch is saying regarding courage: â€Å"Courage consists not in hazarding fear, but being resolutely minded in a just cause.† For sure, Atticus is fearful for his strong-willed daughter and son; however, he is resolute on defending Tom Robinson. Atticus courage is not about skirting fear, but seeing only the justification for taking on Tom Robinsons case. Like a horse with blinders, Atticus is focused on the case. This is why he does not want Scout or Scouts brother Jem, to fight other people when they taunt the children regarding the case: other people do not matter. As long as Atticus knows that what he is doing is right, opinions of other people should not bother him. This is what he is trying to instill upon his children. He is also trying to teach them that courage does not only come from ones fist or the barrel of the gun; courage is being deciding to follow through with a decision whatever it takes, regarding the insurmountable challenges. This for me is one of the aspects of courage. It is important to be resolute on a decision. As people say, obstacles occur when our mind is taken off the goal. It also takes courage to keep ones eyes on the goal, to ignore the obstacles in our peripheral vision. No matter how insurmountable the challenge is, we still have to go for it, especially if we believe it to be right. Our world is shaped by people faced with impossibilities, yet they did not give up. These people caused the French Revolution, invented light bulbs, fought for womens suffrage. We all live in a better world today because of them, and they did it because they had courage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Courage I feel, is also found in everyday decisions. Obviously, it takes courage to sign the document that would start the Manhattan project, but courage is also involved when one befriends a stranger too. Scout does this in the book, befriending and trying to see what the world is like for Boo Radley (Lee 2002). Other people shun him, and make up horrible stories instead, but Scout has the courage of a child not yet corrupted by the world. In the end, she realizes that he is a good person. This is a courageous act, admitting your mistake, and accepting someone ostracized by society. Scout may not be aware of the implications of her action, but she flouted her neighborhoods notion of propriety (just like her dad), and reinstating the fact that humans are above the standards we set for ourselves. This is courage too. And I believe that this is the hardest of all to do. To fight injustices in your everyday life is not only exhausting but harrowing, yet this is one area you will be able to do your most. Everyday decisions require staunchness of decision; these decisions are not â€Å"one-time big-time† deals. You will live with the effects of these decisions for every single day of the rest of your life, and the effects will be magnified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Courage also must precede all other qualities. If one does not have the courage to do what is right, even if one has a sense of what is right and wrong, this knowledge will not be put to use, because fear will convolute ones sense of right and wrong. Winston Churchill once said, â€Å"Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others.† In the book, Atticus was courageous enough to follow through with his conviction that Tom Robinson is innocent (Lee 2002). He knows he will inevitably lose the case, as the jury is all-white (Lee 2002). Yet, he forges on. If he did not push through with his decision, or if he wavers, we would not have seen his other attributes: a responsible and loving father, an understanding neighbor, an upright man. If he had let himself be dwarfed by fear, we would not have seen the other qualities, as these have all been dwarfed by fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is another aspect to courage I must point out: courage is not being able to not know fear while undertaking a difficult task. Courage knows this fear, even before one accepts the task, and yet goes on with it anyway. Courage, for me, knows fear, of being fully aware of the implications of your decision, and you continue because you will not forgive yourself if you did not do the right thing or if you continue so that those who come after you will not be placed in the same situation. This for me is the essence of courage: of making a decision, and acting upon it, so that other people will not have to make the same decision because you have made the world a better place to live in. Courage prefers to go out like a blaze in the night. It is, to quote Dylan Thomas, to go not gently into the night, and to rage, rage against the dying of the light.

Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse

Causes And Effects Of Child Abuse Child abuse remains a significant problem around the world. The reasons for child abuse are diverse and tend to be different from a situation to another. It is found that children of different disabilities such as hearing, learning and visual impairment are at higher risk of being abused especially from their care givers. Another cause is Low socio-economic status and high social stress which lead some people to abuse drug and alcohol. Hence the severity of alcoholism and drug abuse increase the tendency to abuse others increases as well. Also it is clear that children of young ages are more likely to be abused by females than elder children who are abused more by males. Moreover, the abusing childhood experience can be a cause for an adult to abuse children, especially if this adult suffered rejection, maltreatment and violence in his or her childhood. The end effects of child abuse can be shown as physical effect which range from minor injuries to severe brain damage and even death. Another effect is the psychological manifestation where the child may have low self esteem and depression. Furthermore, the social effects associated with undesirable behaviors such as criminal behaviors and alcoholism. Causes and Effects of Child Abuse Child abuse is a major public health crisis. It affects children of all ages, colors, social classes and ethnic groups. The latest statistics estimate that more than 900,000 children are victims of child maltreatment. Abuse occurs at all ages but is most common in younger children. Child abuse may manifest as skin injuries, skeletal trauma, head injury, or many other forms. (Tenney-Soeiro Wilson, 2004). In fact, there are several causes for child abuse like in children with variety of disabilities or behavioral problems who can increase parental stress to the instant that causes child abuse. Moreover, low socio-economic status and high social stress are strongly linked with abuse. Also a personal history of abuse and rejection may lead a person to abuse others. In addition, there are also certain and important effects of child abuse and neglect on the physical, psychological, and behavioral development of children. Thus, these consequences affect the victims themselves and society they live in. Causes of Child Abuse To begin with, there are several causes that lead to child abuse and neglect. First of all, children with physical disabilities, learning disabilities, visual and hearing impairments, low birth weights, and physical health problems are at slightly increased risk of being physically abused. Also prematurely born and chronically ill children are at same risk level. In other words, children who for one reason or other place stress on psychologically vulnerable parents are most at higher risk of abuse. Children with disabling conditions can increase stress on parents because such children are difficult to manage specially among inexperienced parents. Children that show significant cognitive impairments, or those that barely communicate, or who are limited in mobility due to disability can be considered as chronic stressor for child care providers (Howe, 2005). Low socio-economic status and high social stress also play a role for physical abuse of children. Here the children usually descend from parents with typically poor educational achievements. Many social conditions raises the risk for child abuse and these conditions include poor housing condition , unemployment ,large family size , illness and the presence of new baby in the family .Physical abusers of very young children are more likely to be female, while abusers of older children are predominantly, though not exclusively, male. However, there is a tendency to overestimate maternal abuse and underestimate paternal or male abuse (Corby,2000). Whatever the age of the child is, most of child death occurs as a result of male violent behavior. Parents with depression and a personality disorder, and drug or alcohol abusers, are at higher risk of harming their children physically. In fact the more severe the alcoholism, the more likely violence is to occur. Parents who are alcohol abusers or with mental problems are typically subjected their children to prolonged physical abuse and neglect. Last but not least, it is perhaps not surprising to learn that the childhoods of many physically abusive parents turn out to have been cruel and loveless. Children that are killed or murdered are more likely to be killed by their mother if she suffered from some sort of maternal rejection or neglect during her childhoods. Parents who extremely suffered from family arguments , witnessed home violent behavior, physical maltreatment, absence of warmth, cruel punishment, and parental mental health problems were at higher risk of being aggressive and intrusive with their own children. Mothers who were physically abused in childhood are more likely to react to helplessness and need with hostility, while sexually abused mothers appear more likely to react to their children by withdrawing. And Crittenden, reviewing 35 years of research in the field of physical abuse, concluded that parents at the dangerous extremes of otherwise common child-rearing practices are those who live in the most dangerous circumstances and have themselves experienced the most danger in the past (Crittenden, 1998). It can be concluded that all physically abused children become physically abusive parents themselves, the majority of physically abusive parents were themselves physically abused and felt neglected during their childhoods. Abused parents that do not abuse their children are more likely to had support from their partner, had a positive relationship with an adult (for example, a teacher or a relative) during childhood, or received some form of therapy during adolescence. The majority of abusive mothers report being severely beaten in childhood by their own mother, while about half say their father attacked them. Moreover, children who witness violence between their care providers are more likely to become violent and difficult to manage. Such behavior simply adds to the mothers stress and tendency to deal with her children intemperately. In addition, if abused children become parents at a relatively young age, their ability to remain available and responsive under the stresses and strains of looking after their own children is limited. For example, physically abusive mothers were exposed to more stressors and less emotional support in the previous year compared with mothers who had not physically abused their children. A review of theoretical approaches shows that an abusive parents own abusive childhood is believed to be a more important factor for predicting child physical abuse than aggressive models outside the parents personal network (Coohey Braun, 1997). From the same review we can conclude which history of violence experience is best to predict if the mother is more likely to abuse her children or not. Its found that assaults by three types of well-known network members (her own mother, a previous partner, and current partner) increased the chance that a mother would physically abuse her children. Being abus ed by ones own mother dominated the effects of all other predictors. The second most important probability effect was a current abusive partner (Coohey Braun, 1997). Effects of Child Abuse As a result of the above causes, there are certain effects that might result from child abuse. Research now shows that the physical, psychological, and behavioral consequences of child abuse and neglect impact not just the child and family, but the community as a whole (Iannelli, 2007).To start with, the physical effects range from minor injuries to severe brain damage and even death. Physical abuse in infants and children can lead to brain dysfunction and sometimes to death. Most death victims of abuse and neglect are under age 5. In 1991, an estimated 1,383 children died from abuse or neglect; 64 percent of these deaths were attributed to abuse and 36 percent to neglect (McCurdy Daro, 1992). A child does not need to be knocked on the head to get brain injuries. Its has been indicated that infants who are shaken vigorously by the extremities or shoulders may sustain intracranial and intraocular bleeding with no sign of external head trauma. Thus early neglectful and physically abus ive practices have destructive consequences for their small sufferers. Physically abused children have been found to have more mild neurologic signs, serious physical injuries, and skin markings and scars than their non-abused peers (Kolko, Moser, Weldy, 1990). Not only is that but for most abused children fractures common. Multiple fractures and fractures in different stages of healing are also findings that may indicate abuse and emphasize the need for obtaining full skeletal surveys on children under 2 years of age when abuse is suspected (Hyden Gallagher, 1992). In addition, burns account for approximately 10% of all child abuse and have a mortality rate of 30% (McLoughlin Crawford, 1985).For most abused children burns are common and well marked especially on the dorsal aspect of the hand buttocks and perineum. Children who have been sexually maltreated, and some who have been physically neglected, have shown discriminating sexuality and signs of genital manipulation. For the most part, serious biological effect of child and adolescent sexual abuse is the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and syphilis. Furthermore, abused children show higher levels of depression, hopelessness, and lower self-esteem especially in physically and sexually abused children. The longer period of physical abuse the greater emotional difficulties are found in those children. Also anxiety symptoms such as fearfulness, phobias, insomnia and nightmares may manifest in such cases. These symptoms may prolong and produces serious mental health consequences such as Difficulty establishing and maintaining relationships, eating disorders and suicidal attempts. What is more is that physical violence and unsociable behaviors are among the most consistently recognized childhood outcomes of physical child abuse. Sufferers of child abuse and neglect are at higher risk for criminal behavior and running away. Considerably less is known about connections between childhood abuse and other problem behaviors, such as teenage pregnancy, alcohol use and drug abuse, self-destructive behavior, and suicide. Many children who suffer from the psychological effects of child abuse often become child abusers themselves or can become perpetrators of violent crimes. Many inmates in our jails and prisons have been victims of child abuse (Dunning, 2004) .Alcohol and drug use are both illegal for teenagers, creating a natural confusing of alcohol or substance use with criminal behavior. For example, alcoholics often attempt other destructive behaviors, including suicide attempts (Schuckit, 1993). Diagnoses of alcoholism are complicated by the presence of antisocial personality disorder, which in turn, may include components of criminal behavior and sexual promiscuity. To sum up, there are multiple causes that lead to child abuse and neglect. In addition, it appears that there are dangerous effects that results from child abuse. Therefore, a number of primary and secondary strategies can be taken to prevent the several types of abuse and child abuse consequences. The primary strategies include parents training on parenting skills and dealing with disabled children, children education on self defense and report of any type of abuse. The secondary efforts should concentrate on investigation of child abuse reports by child protection agencies, clinical treatment of physical and psychological injuries, family counseling, self-help services, the provision of goods and services such as relief care, legal action against the abuser, and removal of the child or the offender from the home.

Sickle Cell Anemia :: essays research papers fc

The problem is that sickle cell anemia affects about 72,000 Americans in the United States. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the body is unable to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. Abnormal hemoglobin can morph cells that can become lodged in narrow blood vessels, blocking oxygen from reaching organs and tissues. The effects of sickle cell anemia are bouts of extreme pain, infectious, fever, jaundice, stroke, slow growth, organ, and failure. Sickle cell anemia hurts many people today in fact it hurts about 72,000 Americans. But some doctors are finding cures for this inherited disease. This disease causes mainly strokes and fever. With this disease a stroke is not predictable, a stroke can happen as early as a one month old as a baby. It can hurt a person really bad because it causes them to not be able to do many things like can't play sports, and things that gets your heart pumping because if the red blood cells gets clogged up it can causes a stroke because oxygen can't flow. Most Americans who have sickle cell anemia are of African descent. The disease also affects Americans from the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America, Turkey, Greece, Italy, the Middle East and East India. Since sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease if both parents have the trait for sickle cell, their baby's chances of having sickle cell disease is one in four. Many doctors are trying to find cures for this disease by trying the solution on patients. Doctors at Emory University and University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Chicago. Doctors in Emory University in Atlanta credited an experimental stem cell transplant that for the first time is not from a related donor. This transplant cured the inherited disease from Keone Penn who is 13 years old from Georgia. He suffered a stroke at 5 years old and had a fever of 106 degrees, "I almost died" (Ferraro, Newspaper Article) What the doctors did was replaced the boy's bone marrow with stem cells taken from the umbilical cord blood of an infant not related to him. Dr. Ruby Bellevue of New York Methodist Hospital in Brooklyn has patient that he wants to do the transplant procedure on, but he is waiting for more studies to come out to see what the long-term effects are. Some effects could be rejection, complications, and/or death.

A Closed Family In Anne Tylers Dinner At The Homesick Restaraunt Essay

A Closed Family: Growth Through Suffering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is one of Tyler’s more complex because it involves not only the growth of the mother, Pearl Tull, but each of her children as well. Pearl must except her faults in raising her children, and her children must all face their own loneliness, jealousy, or imperfection. It is in doing this that they find connections to their family. They find growth through suffering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cody Tull, the oldest child and the one most damaged by the failure of his parents’ marriage he becomes an aggressive, quarrelsome efficiency expert.†(Voelker 126) He feels that it his fault that Beck, the father, left. Especially when they bring up the arrow incident. Cody never really feels like a family as he expresses: â€Å"You think were a family†¦when in particles, torn apart, torn all over the place?†(Tyler 294). He never recovers from his father leaving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The optimism of Ezra is never noticed by the family. He never let his past affect his life and very little bothered him. The family does not notice his optimism because Cody resented it, Jenny ignored it and Pearl misunderstood it. His optimism is shown when Cody is reflecting on their childhood, about how bad it was and how their mother was a â€Å"shrieking witch†. Ezra responds, â€Å"She wasn’t always angry. Really she was angry very seldom, only a few times widely spaced, that happ...

Free Epic of Gilgamesh Essays: Themes of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

Themes of the Epic of Gilgamesh  Ã‚   Many themes are incorporated into the story line of Gilgamesh. These include three very important concepts: death is inevitable, immortality is unachievable, and friendship is a necessity. One of the main themes in the epic is that death is inevitable, which is shown through Enkidu's death. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh becomes very worried, because he realizes for the first time that everyone is going to die at some point in time. The fact that Enkidu is a close friend makes it even more visible to Gilgamesh that everyone is mortal. Then, along with this realization, comes the theme of denial. Gilgamesh does not want to accept the fact that he will die.   He denies the truth, because he does not want to think about the truth or cope with the tragedy that has struck him. "And he-he does not lift his head. 'I touched his heart, it does not beat'" (Tablet VIII, Column II, 15-16). "'Me! Will I too not die like Enkidu? Sorrow was come into my belly. I fear death; I roam over the hills. I will seize the road; quickly I will go to the house of Utnapishtim, offspring of Ubaratutu. I approach the entrance of the mountain at night. Lions I see, and I am terrified. I lift my head to pray to the mood god Sin: For...a dream I go to the gods in prayer: ...preserve me!'" (Tablet IX, Column I, 3-12). The theme of death being inevitable leads to another theme, similar to the first. This is that immortality is unachievable, shown through similar examples as the first theme. Gilgamesh realizes that immortality is not obtainable after his quest for it. He discovers that the quest was pointless, because he will die regardless of the steps to prevent his death in the future. "'Never has a mortal man done that, Gilgamesh'"   (Tablet IX, Column III, 8). "'The fate of mankind overtook him... In fear of death I roam the wilderness...Me, shall I not lie down like him, never again to move?'" (Tablet X, Column II, 3, 8, 13-14). "'From the beginning, there is no permanence'"   (Tablet X, Column VI, 32).

Organizational development Essay

Although the main reasons people resist change is the fear of the unknown, breaking routines and incongruent team dynamics, organizational change is necessary if the organization is to remain competitive. Change is a combination of action orientation and research orientation†¦ but most importantly, every organization, whether large or small requires one or more change agents. Organizational development is a set of behavioral science based theories, values, strategies and technologies aimed at planned change of the organizational work setting for the purpose of enhancing individual development and improving organizational performance through the alteration of organizational members on the job behaviors† (Jex, & Britt, 2007. ) Organizational change is necessary if the organization is to remain competitive. Social Psychologist, Kurt Lewin, developed the force field analysis model to help us understand how the change process works. One side of the force field model represents the driving forces that push organizations toward a new state of affairs. â€Å"There are driving forces in the external environment such as globalization, virtual work and a changing workforce. Within these external forces, corporate leaders create driving forces within the organization so the organization anticipates the external factors. Internal originated forces are difficult to apply because they lack external justifications, so effective transformational leadership as well as structural change mechanisms are necessary to legitimate and support internal driving forces†. The other side of Lewins model represents the restraining forces that maintain the status quo. Restraining forces are commonly called â€Å"resistance to change† (McShane & VonGlinlow, 2008), because they appear as employee behaviors that block the change process. Stability will occur when these two forces are equal with each other but in opposite directions. The main reasons people resist change is fear of the unknown, breaking routines and incongruent team dynamics. According to Lewins force field analysis model â€Å"effective change occurs by unfreezing the current situation, moving to a desired condition and then refreezing the system so it remains in this desired state. Unfreezing occurs when the driving forces are stronger than the restraining forces. This happens by making the driving forces stronger, weakening or removing the restraining forces, or a combination of both† (McShane & VonGlinlow, 2008) Creating urgency, which represent the driving forces for change, will push employees out of their comfort zones. Many of top management leaders will buffer their employees from external factors and the result is the employees do not understand the need for change and will resist. â€Å"Employees need to feel an urgency to change; which occurs by informing them about competitors, changing consumer trends, impending government regulations and other driving forces† (McShane & VonGlinlow, 2008) Another way to fuel the urgency to change is by putting employees in direct contact with customers. Dissatisfied customers are a compelling driving force for change because of adverse consequences for the organizations survival and success. Exposing employees to external forces can also strengthen the urgency for change, but a leader needs to begin the change process before problems come knocking. â€Å"Creating an urgency for change when an organization is riding high requires a lot of persuasion and influence that helps employees visualize future competitive threats and environmental shifts† (McShane & VonGlinlow, 2008) Effective change requires more than making employees aware of the driving forces. It involves reducing or removing the restraining forces. There are six ways to overcome employee resistance, communication, learning, employee involvement and stress management. American Industrialist Andrew Carnegie once said â€Å"take away my people and soon grass will grow on the factory floor, take away my factories but leave my people and soon we will have a new and better factory. †( Library of Congress, 2009) Organizations are not buildings, machinery or financial assets; they are the people in them. Organizations are human entities, full of life, sometimes fragile, always exciting.

Coasts Revision Notes – AQA Geography

1. jump-starting and Neap Tides Spring vs. Neap TidesSpring tides transcend when the Earth, sunbathe and the Moon argon all some in the same line. This causes the highest tidal background repayable to the strongest gravitational pulls with the high tides macrocosm the largest and the low tides being the smallest.Neap tides occur when the Earth, Sun and Moon atomic number 18 at 90 degrees which causes the gravitational pull to be slight effective. This produces the lowest tidal assert of tides.1. Coastal TransportLong brink drift transports solid on the sea-coast. In the UK, the prevailing wind blows from the S emergeh westside causing the hustles to approach the southern coast at an angle of 45 degrees. hence satisfying moves from the west to the east.The swash of the jounce carries the material up to the beach at this angle. The recognize load is moved on by rolling by hairgrip however pebbles are lifted and bounced along the floor in a leap frog presention this is saltation. Lighter material is carried by suspension (such as grains of sand) and pale demigods (e.g. carbonic acid from precipitation) may act on soluble careens (carbonate arguments e.g. limestone) and move the material in solution.The backwash carries the material at 90 degrees- causing a zig-zag motion. Groynes may be in place to dress this however they can be costly (around 5,000 per groyne and are unasthecially pleasing) yet they do trap the sand.1. drumhead FormationHead shoot formation occurs when the bands rock type prompt perpendicular to the coast this is known as a discordant coastline. The coast has alter bands of skanky (hard) and less resistant (soft) rock these types of rocks erode at different puts.The less resistant rock are scoured at a faster rate (through the processes of hydraulic action, abrasion and corrosion) and the to a greater extent resistant rock erodes at a slow rate and protrudes out into the sea.Wave deflectionNow the head ing is protruding out into the sea, this receives high thrust tramps. When the coils hit the coastline, they are refracted and they tend to bend round the headland, into cast down energy waves. These waves thence deposit situate and beaches eventually build up. carapace theater of operations Purbeck coast, Dorset. The Eastern side is discordant.Headland The heading Purbeck Coast, Dorest. Geology Chalk (made millions of years ago from Coccoliths). This headland is 1.3km wide.Bay Swanage Bay made from Wealden & Purbeck bed clays. This bay is 2.5 km wide.1. Causes of lessening get aroundCoastal Reasons* When waves head towards the coastline and the sea gets shallower, attrition in the bed slows the bottom of the waves and fixate them more elliptical. The crest of the wave rises and then it collapses.* Destructive waves are high frequency, and are high and deep. They are around 10-14 waves per gauzy and their strong backwash removes material.* The waves rend at the base of the free fall where the wave energy is concentrated.* This part of the cliff experiences rapid eating away thorough abrasion, where material carried by the waves (eg rocks) are hurled against it. Also, H.A where the pressure of the air in the cracks from the water system compress and release which erodes it.* This forms a wave cut notch* Over time, down the stairs the force of gravity, the mass above the wave cut notch cannot hold and collapses.* This processes of collapsing continues and the cliff retreats back.* This then leaves behind a wave cut syllabus that is no more than 5 degrees at the Low water supply Mark.* As the platform gets longer, the waves have to come about further and many dissipate lessen the rate of erosion.* Sub Arial processes erode the platform such as paddock and seaweed.* Case battlefield Broad bench Dorset, cliff is florilegium of clay and shale (headlands made of Portland stone). Extension is 200m of platform, aggrandizement of cliff is 20 m. Part of Jurassic coast world heritage site.Sub-Arial* non directly linked to sea, but from land* Freeze Thaw When the diurnal electron orbit is around 0 dregrees Scottish Highlands wet expands by around 9%. Fluccutations in pressure fragments of rock may break off.* Biological Rabbits may burrow into the cliff and piddocks may also weaken the rock which may remove some of the rock.* chemical weathering, CO2 found in rainfall may form carbonic acid when it rains attacks the calcium carbonate such as in limestone.Mass Movement* Slumping rainfall infiltrates the soil, making it heaver.* The material moves downhill, leaving a exposed scarp face* Case Study Holbeck Hall, Scarborough.* 1993 dry weather cracked the clay. This made the rock impermeable due to hot dry conditions* Next cardinal months 140mm of rain fell (prolonged rainfall)* This then therefore infiltrated the soft rock above, but greased the clay.* On 3rd of June the land was move into sea at 3m per hour . Collapse of hotel. take a breath of hotel had to be demolished and they owners sued the authority rape of its duty and care.