Price of Freedom in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay - 1240 Words

The Price of Freedom in A Dolls House Freedom is something that people in all times, places, and experiences have sought after, often against great odds and at a great personal cost. But, in the struggle for freedom, every person gains a sense of true self, if they believe that the freedom which they are fighting for is just. In almost all plays, every character has something threatened which is important to them and which they consider worth fighting for. In Henrik Ibsens play A Doll House, every character suffers a disaster or mistake which causes them to lose some of their freedoms. However, in the quest to regain their freedoms, every character in a way gains more freedom than they thought possible. Nora suffers the†¦show more content†¦Excluded from meaning anything, Nora has never been subject, only object (Johnston). She came to the realization that she had never really lived life for herself; she lived vicariously through others. She had everything the way she thought she wanted it to be and everything was just the way she thought that it should be. However, she dared to go outside the normal bounds of socially acceptable things for women to do when she went and got a loan from Krogstad so that they could travel south to Italy in order to save Torvolds life. She loved him with a passion so intense that she never considered what she was doing to be wrong. When a woman loves as Nora loves, nothing else matters; least of all, social, legal or moral considerations. Therefore, when her husbands life is threatened, it is no effort, it is a joy for Nora to forge her fathers name to a note and borrow 800 cronen on it, in order to take her sick husband to Italy (Goldman). She loved him so much, or rather she thought she loved him so much that she was willing to risk her reputation and that of her family in order to save him. She didnt realize that she was going to end up losing her freedom in order to save his life. In the process of trying to pay back the debt, she had to give up all of the little luxuries that she was accustomed to and she even had to give up a fair amountShow MoreRelated Essay on Lies and Self-realization in A Dolls House1162 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-realization in A Dolls House    In Ibsens play,   A Dolls House,   the characters willingly exist in a situation of untruth or inadequate truth that conceals conflict.   Noras independent nature is in contradiction to the tyrannical authority of Torvald.   This conflict is concealed by the way they both hide their true selves from society, each other, and ultimately themselves.   Just like Nora and Torvald, every character in this play is trapped in a situation of untruth. A Dolls House, can beRead More A Dolls House: A Push To Freedom Essay examples1371 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometime after the publication of quot;A Dolls Housequot;, Henrik Ibsen spoke at a meeting of the Norwegian Association for Womens Rights. He explained to the group, quot;I must decline the honor of being said to have worked for the Womens Rights movement. I am not even very sure what Womens Rights are. To me it has been a question of human rightsquot; ( ). quot;A Dolls Housequot; is often interpreted by readers, teachers, and critics alike as an attackRead MoreA Doll’s House and Top Girls2459 Words   |  10 Pagesof A Doll’s House and Top Girls Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls both are a pillar of critical writing about the society they were originally produced in and have a central theme of the oppression of women, which makes them great sources of feminist reviews. Although Ibsen â€Å"abandoned the concept that the play was about gender roles† (Urban, 1997), the central question is beyond the original context within which the plays were produced and received. A Doll’s House canRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1403 Words   |  6 Pages1. In A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, there are three major references in the play that explain Ibsen’s thoughts on both gender and societal roles for when of the past and present; these three references are to dolls, to animals such as skylarks and squirrels, and to children. Nearing the end of the story, Nora reveals that she feels similarly towards Torvald as she did to her father: â€Å"But our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll wife, just as at home I was Papa’s doll child;Read MoreA Doll s House : Individual Freedom Of Nora2227 Words   |  9 PagesA Doll’s House: Individual freedom of Nora Individual freedom is a fundamental theme of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. Through the character of Nora Ibsen shows the necessity of individual freedom. Without it one can’t flourish oneself and establish oneself as equal partner with other (Nora – Helmer relationship). The protagonist, Nora always wants to be an independent person. Though she got her success, she paid a good price for herself liberty. The present paper investigates and discusses howRead MoreAdverse Effect Of Women s Independence1832 Words   |  8 Pageschildren their undivided attention. However women have begun to shift their focus away from their children and more on careers. In the eyes of a child, there is a need and desire for attention and affection. This can be seen through Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House. In the beginning of the play it is evident that Nora Helmer spent an abundance of time with her children and enjoyed their company. However the once nur turing and loving mother deserted her children in order to find herself; leaving the

The Opinion Post Truth And Its Effect On Our Political...

You’ve probably heard this statement ‘everyone is entitled to their opinion.’ Perhaps you’ve even said it yourself. Well, what if, you are not entitled to your opinion but only entitled to what you can argue for? For many years, people have always used the saying â€Å"I’m entitled to my opinion† as a way of avoiding new information or having to support their claim in a disagreement. My incompetence to defend this opinion does not oblige me to refrain from having it. Therefore, to some extent we are entitled to an ‘opinion’, however, some opinions are better than others. Just because we are of equal value in a democracy, it does not necessarily mean that our opinions are equal. Throughout this essay, we will cover: the basic definition of an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m entitled to my opinion† or â€Å"I have a right to my opinion† are some common rhetorical declaration that are made at some point d uring an argument (in text reference). Both statements exemplify an informal logical fallacy known as ‘red herring’ – used partway through an argument when the arguer goes on a tangent that distracts the audience, which usually results with the arguer never returning to the original issue. An opinion holds an element of belief, which is not always true and cannot be proven otherwise (in text reference). â€Å"Wayne Rooney is the best football player in English Premier League,† this is merely and opinion because some people might think there are other players in the English Premier League who are better than Wayne Rooney and it is not based on evidence that can be checked (in text reference). The idea that everyone is entitled to an opinion is a clichà © and like many clichà ©s it is in a certain degree false. An argument has two parts, a premise and a conclusion. A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion, whereas a conclusion indicates what the arguer is trying to convince the reader. â€Å"This is so (conclusion) because that is so (premise)† is a clear example of how a premise helps justify the conclusion. An argument is a group of statements that includes one or more premises and only one conclusion. A good argument is an argument that is either valid orShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Media On American Society1640 Words   |  7 PagesStuart Mill in a post 9/11 Western Society Adam Kershek History 1002-106: Growth of Western Civilization Since 1715 November 2, 2017 It is no mystery that 9/11 brought upon change in American society. The lasting effects of this unforgiving event, such as, the ongoing wars, the severity of immigration and deportation laws, and the increase in racial profiling, continues to disrupt American society. 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Our world would be in tumult, and manyRead MoreHuman Rights Trials And Truth Commissions882 Words   |  4 Pagesrights trials and truth commissions The preceding discussions, in their entirety, validate the inherent predisposition of the objectives, benefits and quality of disclosures during truth-telling in transitional societies to interrogation, precisely how this truth-telling can be esteemed as rendering justice for GHRV when weighed against human rights trials. Sikkink and Booth Walling vehemently oppose the impression that transitional societies are obligated with selecting between ‘truth’ and ‘justice’Read MoreHow Social Media Drives Politics1608 Words   |  7 PagesYouTube have dramatically changed the way political campaigns are run and how we interact with our elected officials. These websites have made politicians more accessible and allowing campaigns to carefully craft and customize their candidates’ images. c. 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The Secret Guardian of Gotham Free Essays

The Dark Knight portrays Batman well enough for the audience to easily analyze Batman’s characteristics and personality. Batman is one of the most crucial characters in the movie. Bruce Wayne, or Batman, is portrayed as a billionaire and an owner of a gigantic industry, who actually at night works as a vigilante fighting criminals with his bare hands. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Guardian of Gotham or any similar topic only for you Order Now Batman’s sense of morality, self-righteousness, and self-sacrificial attitude in his actions allow effortless classification of Batman’s characteristics in True Color’s Personality Test, Myers-Briggs Personality Test, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The way Batman believes the good in people, and the way he spends his nights for the safety of the people in Gotham proves that Batman is most likely the color blue from the True Colors Personality Test. People with blue characteristic hate with fervor, value harmony, give self to others, promotes feelings and warmth among people, and are too generous. Batman falls into all of these descriptions. Even though Batman abhors Joker, he never kills Joker despite all of the chances he is given because he believes in change in human potential, because he wants to inspire others through his actions, and because of his stern self righteousness of always wanting to do what is good for everyone. Also when Harvey Dent died after killing five people â€Å"fairly,† Batman tells Lieutenant Gordon to point the finger at him instead of Harvey Dent. Batman says, â€Å"You will hunt me. You will condemn me. Set the dogs on me, because that is what needs to happen,† (The Dark Knight) in order for people of Gotham to not lose hope by hearing and seeing the downfall of the Gotham’s White Knight, Harvey Dent. This sacrificing attitude is difficult to find in the characteristics of orange, green, and gold, but is the compassionate feature of the color blue. Towards the end of the movie, when Joker sees that the two ships didn’t bomb each other, Batman tells him, â€Å"This city just showed you that it is full of people ready to believe in good,† (The Dark Knight) implying that he, as well, believes in good nature of humans. From what is shown, my hypothesis would be that Bruce Wayne’s dichotomies are ESFJ, or extraverted, sensing, feeling, and judging. Even though Bruce Wayne is surreptitiously living another life as Batman, with only a few close confidants being aware of it, he seems to enjoy social gatherings and occasional dates with many different women. He approaches his criminals through high tech researches and careful observations of facts and proofs. Batman also does not use his sudden insights to act and rather weighs the different possibilities using his tangible sources. Therefore, I assume that Batman is more sensing than intuitive. Bruce Wayne is more feeling in the way he processes data because he considers the points of view of other people and he tries to do whatever establishes harmony within the society. For example, when Bruce Wayne had turned every cell phone in the city into a microphone and a high-frequency generator receiver, knowing that Lucius would not like such dangerous machine, he made it accessible and destructible by only Lucius. Also knowing that citizens of Gotham will lose hope and faith if they learn the truth behind Harvey Dent’s fall and death, Batman says, â€Å"Sometimes the truth is not good enough. Sometimes people deserve more. Sometimes people deserve to have their faith rewarded. † (The Dark Knight) Batman also shows his willingness to do whatever is needed to help Gotham by saying, â€Å"I am whatever Gotham needs me to be. † (The Dark Knight) Maybe because Batman is so engrossed in many different endless jobs he has to finish, he never seems to be having his pleasure and leisure time. He always seems to be task oriented and organized in his plans and well in control with the help of Alfred Pennyworth and Lucius Fox so that the plans never fail. Watching this movie, I could not help but notice the parallel between Jesus from the Bible and Batman. Just like the historical character Jesus, who supposedly had no sin and dedicated to give up his own life for the forgiveness of others, and who eventually gets accused by the same people who used to acclaim him as the â€Å"Savior,† Batman, who did nothing against the morals, gets chased by those who used to praise him as the â€Å"Hero,† by becoming the scapegoat. Therefore, in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, even though I believe that Batman is sometimes on the level of safe and security because he gets injured often while fighting against criminals and Joker, Batman is primarily on the level of self-actualization. He truly dedicates himself for the benefit of others and to satisfy what the citizens of Gotham want. He knows what he is meant to do and does what he does not as a service for himself but as a guidance for the citizens of Gotham. Lieutenant Gordon, watching Batman run away, tells his son, â€Å"Because he is the hero Gotham deserves, but not the one it needs right now, so we will hunt him because he can take it. He is not our hero; he’s a silent guardian, a watchful protector, a dark knight. † (The Dark Knight) Bruce Wayne, Batman, or the Dark Knight’s characteristics summed together support Batman’s famous quote, â€Å"Batman has no limits. † (The Dark Knight) The way he dives into danger every day, cleans up all the violent and illegal mess made in Gotham, and sacrifices himself for people’s mental comfort proves his idealistic characteristics. Because he has no limit, I believe he was able to be the person and the hero portrayed in the movie. Without Batman, his perfect sense of morality, and his boldly courageous deeds, Gotham would not be the same. How to cite The Secret Guardian of Gotham, Essay examples

Assignment Leadership and Cost Company free essay sample

COST Company tried their best to grasp the sophisticated technology, thus the COST Company used highly to training the professionals, like the geologists, geophysicists, and the engineers. The COST Company also trained the skilled and semiskilled labor that run the company’s field operations. On the other hand the professional labor and the skilled labor, the two groups always occurs the clashed. As Martin Bouchard as the present and CEO in the COST Company, and his top goals was to introduce teams as a way of solving the morale and productivity problems at the company’s Alberta field operations site. According to those problems the COST Company hired Algoma Howard, who is a First Nations descendant, to be success in solving teamwork. Howard invited Carlos Debrito as the leader worked for the Alberta pilot program, and Debrito is a long-time employee in the COST Company who was highly respect by the employees in the Alberta Office, and Debrito was looking for one final challenging project before his retiring. There are three functional groups at the Alberta site; they are â€Å"operations† group, the â€Å"below ground† group, and the â€Å"maintenance† group. The â€Å"operation† group included the hourly workers who operated and maintained the equipment; the â€Å"below ground† group, which are the professionals include the engineers, geologists and geophysicists; the â€Å"maintenance† group who are the employees always on call. As the Howard and Debrito were the leaders in the COST Company, they tried their best to solving the morale and productivity problems for the Alberta field operations site. The first step was the â€Å"fireside chats† which is to get the employees together, ask them to give several ideas to solve the problems. As many people join the â€Å"fireside chats† and almost every session came to fisticuffs until Debrito announced someone needed to go out. Moreover, during the next session, Debrito and Howard established the â€Å"rules of engagement† which is better for them to organize. The next step for the Howard and Debrito is to introduce the official â€Å"problem busting† teams, which is the temporary team, and the team members are coming from each of the three functional areas and from various hierarchical levels, and each was assigned a team leader. Their aims are to help the COST Company solving the problems, and after they finishing the work, the team disbanded. Moreover, the problems what they addressed, which within certain cost guidelines and without the management approval. After this the COST Company identified the Colorado office as their next facility, Howard want to introduce her leadership of the cross-functional teams that was successful in the Alberta, however, the employees are all stressful in the Colorado. On the following paragraph, I will focus on what the Howard and Debrito did in the COST Company. 2. 0 Team development stages The role of Algoma Howard and Carlos Debrito in Alberta As we can see from the case, the COST Company hired Algoma Howard, who was the First Nations descendant. He tried his best to develop the teamwork program which is better for the COST Company to improve the productivity as well as the morale at the Calgary facility. Howard was success before by using the teams, he tried his best to bring the people together, and tried his best to coordinate the employees and everything, to let them understand one another’s problems and challenges, and coordinate their effort to achieve the organizational goals. Furthermore, his teamwork idea was success and was implementing at other COST locations after the pilot project. As we can see from the case, Carlos Debrito, he was a long-time COST employee who was highly respected by the other employees in the Alberta office. As he was a skilled and experienced employee, he was looking for a big final project before his retiring. Debrito has served in every possible line and staff position at the COST in his 26 years career timing. He is an experienced leader who knows the problems workers faced on both technical and business, thus Howard invited Debrito as a leader, who served for the Alberta pilot program. Therefore, as we can see the relationship from the Algoma Howard and Carlos Debrito in Alberta sites, Howard as the president in the Alberta pilot program, and Debrito as the leaders who served in every possible line and staff position at the Alberta pilot program. Thus we can say that Algoma Howard and Carlos Debrito are the leaders in the Alberta pilot program, who want to develop the teamwork in the Alberta sites. â€Å"Fireside chats† The first step what the Howard and Debrito decided was to get these different groups talking to each other and share the ideas together; this was the main purpose of the â€Å"fireside chats†. The chats were held in the cafeteria during the late afternoon, and the people who show up the chats have the free coffee/tea and some snake which were all bought by Howard and Debrito. Furthermore, the idea was to give the employees a chance to share the difficulties and unresolved problems in such relaxing time and relaxing places, if the employees get together and share the difficulties and the unresolved problems together, maybe they can solve the difficulties, or share the creativity ideas with the unresolved parts. Initially, there are only two people who attend the â€Å"fireside chats†, gradually, more and more people attended the meetings. At first, the early session was focused on the employees saw their needs, as well as the problems in working with other group. The disadvantage of the early session was that the sessions came to fisticuffs until Debrito announced that somebody had to go out, however, after this session, Howard and Debrito established the guidelines which are the rules of the engagement. Within the six months development, the â€Å"fireside chats† had involved lively problem-solving discussions focus on the three important groups. â€Å"Problem busting† The nest step for Howard and Debrito to introduce was the â€Å"problem busting† teams, which was the temporary team. The temporary team included the members who from each three functional areas as well as from various hierarchical levels, and which were assigned by the team leaders. The training by the team leader was including in team-building, shared-leadership, as well as the creative problems-solving techniques. The team was established for the solving the problems which from the â€Å"fireside chat†, after solving the problems, the teams were disbanded, furthermore, the CEO in the COST announced that the problems addressing by the â€Å"problem busting† team within the certain cost guidelines without seeking management approval. After a year and a half into the team-building program, the entire workforces in the Alberta were empowering to make their owner decisions as well as to select their own leaders. Team development â€Å"Team development creates a captivating atmosphere by encouraging co-operation, teamwork, interdependence and by building trust among team members. † (Motivating, Bonding amp; Aligning team, 2012) Actually the team goes through five stages of the team development, the each stage present its own challenge and in each stage, the leaders should adapt the challenging and developing the needs of the group. The team development has five stages, which are the forming stage, storming stage, norming stage, performing stage and adjourning stage. On the following paragraph I will talk about each stage, and I will combine the case together to analysis the each stage of the team development, and what the leaders need to do in the stage. First of all, I will show the graph, as we can see: Performing: Cooperation, problem solving Leaders: facilitates task accomplishment Performing: Cooperation, problem solving Leaders: facilitates task accomplishment Storming: Conflict, disagreement Leaders: encourage participation, surfaces differences Storming: Conflict, disagreement Leaders: encourage participation, surfaces differences Norming: Establishment of order and cohesion Leader: helps clarify team roles, norm, and values Norming: Establishment of order and cohesion Leader: helps clarify team roles, norm, and values Adjourning: Task completion Leaders: brings closure, signifies completion Adjourning: Task completion Leaders: brings closure, signifies completion Team development: Forming: Orientation, break the ice. Leaders: facilitates social interchanges Forming: Orientation, break the ice. Leaders: facilitates social interchanges The first stage is the forming stage, â€Å"during this stage, group members maybe anxious and adopt wait-and see attitude, they will be formal towards each other. There would be no clear idea of goals or expectations. Besides, they may not be sure why they are there† (Susan M. Heathfield, 2012) as we can see from the forming stage which is the orientation stage and the members in teams tried their best to getting the acquainted. The members in the team tried their best to know each other and for the friendship possibilities as well as the task orientation. In the forming stage, the team leaders provide time and place for the members to understand each other, to encourage them for the social discussions. The second stage which is storming stage, â€Å"during this stage, team members are eager to get going, conflict can arise as people tend to different ideas of how to accomplish goals. At this time, they notice differences rather than similarities. This leads to some members dropping out mentally physically. (Susan M. Heathfield, 2012) During the storming stage, the members in the team become more assertive in clarifying their roles, thus in this stage, there exist a lot of conflict and disagreement. The members in the team maybe disagree with teams’ goals; maybe disagree with the partners and so on. What the leaders need to do in this stage is to encourage the participation by each member. â€Å"Mem bers should propose ideas, dis agree with one another, and work through the uncertainties and conflicting perceptions about team tasks and goals† (Richard L. Daft, 2012) The third stage is norming stage, â€Å"this stage is when people begin to recognize ways in which they are alike. They realize that they are in this together. Hence, they tend to get more social and may forget their focus in favor of having a good time. This is the time to help with training if applicable. It becomes important to encourage them in order to feel comfortable with each other and with systems. Also, the group needs to stay focus on goal† (Susan M. Heathfield, 2012) As we can see from the norming stage, in this stage the conflict is resolved and the tem is getting harmony and unity emerge, and what the leaders need to do is to help clarifying the teams’ values and norms. The fourth stage is the performance stage, â€Å"this stage is when tea members are trained, competent, as well as able to do their own problem-solving. At this time, ways need to be looked t in order to challenge then as well as develop them. The team is mature now. The members understand their roles and responsibilities. † (Susan M. Heathfield, 2012) during this stage, it is emphasis on solving the problems and accomplishing the assigned task. Members are all committed to the teams’ mission, the members are coordinated with each other for the problems solving. During this stage, the leader should concentrate on the higher task performances. The last stage is the adjourning stage, in this stage we can see that the team has limited task to perform and disbanded eventually. In this stage, it is emphasis on the wrapping up and gearing down. The members in this stage feel heighted emotionality, strong cohesiveness and regret for the teams’ disbandment. During this stage, the leaders should signify the team has disbanded. Combine the COST Company’s case According to the case we can see that the Howard and the Debrito are the leaders in the Alberta pilot program. As we can see that the Howard and Debrito established the â€Å"fireside chats† which is open for the employees, and it is the optional meetings provide for the employees and to getting the acquainted, and to get the different groups together to share the ideas, this is the idea for the â€Å"fireside chats†, and the fireside chats was established in the cafeteria which provide the free coffee, tea and snake for the employees. First of all, the only people who showed up the meeting were the couple of engineers. Thus Debrito and Howards go to a small talk with the couple of the engineers, thus we can see that the first day of meeting was the forming stage of the team development. After the first meeting, the words spread, and gradually, many people attended the meetings, thus the early sessions focused on talking about the each group’s needs, and the problems in other groups. This is also the forming stage in the team development, however, during the one session, there exist the fisticuffs during the meeting, the fisticuffs stopped until the Debrito announced that someone need to get out, therefore, we can see that the â€Å"fireside chat† became the storming stage in the team development which the team occurring the conflict for each other. Furthermore, during the next session, Debrito and Howard establish the â€Å"rules of engagement† which is the guidelines to avoid such conflicts happened in the meeting again, thus we can see that the stage is the norming stage, which is for the leaders to solve the conflict and let them form the norms as well as the values in the company. As we can see that the next step for the Howard and Debrito is to establish the â€Å"problem busting† team which is the temporary teams for solving the problems which was unsolved in the â€Å"fireside chats†, thus we can see that the team was in the performance stage, which is the cooperation, and for the problems solving. Finally, the operation workers suggested that the team members should get rid of the weekly sessions and they could focus on their job, and limited problems for solving. Thus we can see the program already in the last stage which is adjourning stage; the team is facing the disbanded. 3. 0 member roles and leadership approach Member roles In the team there are two types of roles one is task specialist and the other is the socio- emotional, the two roles are different, they focus on different part. First of all we can see that the specialist role in the team which is focus on the task accomplishment by the human needs. On the other hand, we can see that socio-emotional role in a team which is focus on the people’s emotion needs. Task specialist is an employee who is assigned to the development of valid and reliable tasks for other people working for one and the same organization. † (Glossary, 2012) as we can see that the task specialist who focus on the task accomplishment over the people’s needs, thus the â€Å"task specialist knows and understand task management standard, performance measure, and assessment practices required for identifying and developing tasks descriptions and for use by dedicated human resources† (Glossary, 2012) there are several behaviors which display the task specialist. First of all, the task specialists are the persons who always propose the new solutions for solving the team problems, which is so called initiate ideas. Secondly, the task specialists are the persons who provide the opinions on the task accomplishment, also give the fair chances to others’ suggestions. Thirdly, the task specialists are the persons who always seeking the information which is asking for the task-reverent facts. Fourthly, the task specialists are the persons who get a various ideas of the problems at hand, and summary them together, that is so called summarize. Last but not at least, the task specialists are the persons who encourage the team into action when the teams’ interest dropped. â€Å"Socio-emotional is a process that consists of variations that occur in an individual’s personality, emotions and relationships with others during one’s lifetime; Socio-emotional role team members devote their time and nergy to supporting the emotional needs of team members and to maintaining the team as a social unit† (Santrock, 2007) the people who adopt the socio-emotional role are the person who support the team members’ needs over the task accomplishment. There are several behaviors which are for the socio-emotional display. First of all, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who are warm and well to receipt the others’ ideas, and also forth others to m ake the contribution for the team. Secondly, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who are well for harmonize the groups’ conflict, as well as help the teams to achieve the agreement. Thirdly, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who help the team reduce the tension; they help the team to reduce the tensional environment, like telling the jokes. Fourthly, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who always go along with the team, and always agree the team members’ ideas, that’s we called follow. Last but not at least, the socio-emotional roles are the persons who always shift their own opinions which are better for maintain the teams’ harmony. In the COST Company’s case (Carlos Debrito) As we can see from the COST Company’s case, Carlos Debrito who is a long-time COST employee who is highly respected by the employees in the Alberta office and he was also looking for the final project before his retiring and Algoma Howard invited the Debrito as a leader for the Alberta pilot program. Debrito did a lot of things to help the Howard to achieve the goals, as far as I am concerned, Carlos Debrito displays the task specialist as well as the socio-emotional roles. As we can see from the case, that Debrito tried his best to help the Howard to achieve the goals which is to solving the morale as well as the problems of productivity. Thus Debrito established the â€Å"fireside chats† and also established the â€Å"problem busting† team, which helped the Company to achieve its goals, according to this situation; we can see that Debrito is the task specialist, who help the team to realize the task accomplishment, and he always proposed the solutions which is â€Å"fireside chats† and â€Å"problem busting† team, to help the team solve the problems. Furthermore, he always was seeking the information for the relevant task which is better for the team to solving the problems, and Debrito always encourage his members when their interests are dropped. Moreover, we can see that after the â€Å"fireside chats†, we can see that Debrito always helped the team to summarize the relevant ideas and summarize the perspectives for the organization. On the other hand, we can see form the case that, Debrito displays the socio-emotional roles in the team, and he supports the team members’ emotional needs. As we can see from the case, that Debrito find several ways for the team to solve the conflict between the labor and the professionals, moreover, Debrito tried his best to make the compromise which shift his opinions to maintain the harmony of the team. Thus we can say that Debrito display both task specialist roles as well as the socio-emotional roles, Debrito not only achieve the organizational goals, but also do a lot of things to consider the team members’ emotional needs. Leadership approach â€Å"participative leadership is a style of leadership that involves all members of a team in identifying essential goals and developing procedures or strategies for reach those goals† (wiseGEEK, 2012)as we can see that the participative leadership which is the leadership approach required all the members join the team to solving the problems as well as making the decisions together. As we can see from the COST Company’s case, which the Algoma Howard and the Carlos Debrito tried their best to achieve their goals. The goals of the COST Company are to solving the morale as well as to solving the productivity problems. Thus Howard and Debrito established the â€Å"fireside chats†, which is for the optimal meeting provided for the employees to understand them each other. At the first time, there are only two people join the meeting, Howard and Debrito established a small chatting with them and talk to them. After the first meeting finished many people know the meeting and want to join the meeting, thus gradually many people join the meeting, and the meeting becoming very important in a team. As we can see that the meetings are very important in the organization, and many people join the meetings. Furthermore, we can see that during the meeting many team members share the ideas each other, and talk to each other with the departments’ needs, making the decisions together, and solving the problems together. During this process we can see that the leaders using the participative leadership approach to help the organization to achieve their goals. Situational leadership is a leadership style that has been developed and studied by Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey. The situational leadership refers to when the leader or manager of an organization must adjust his style to fit the development level of the followers he is trying to influence. † (Small Business, 2012)As we can see th at the situational leadership approach is the leadership style which depends on the situation, it is focus on the situations as well as the development of the company and the members in the company As we can see from the COST Company case, in this case we can see that the Howard and Debrito using the â€Å"fireside chat† to help the employees understand each other as well as share the ideas for each other, however, when the â€Å"fireside chat† are famous in the organization, there exist some conflicts between the member, thus according to this situation, Debrito establishes the â€Å"rules of the engagement† which include the guidelines that to let the employees obey the rules for the meeting. Furthermore, during the â€Å"fireside chat† developing, Debrito established another team which is â€Å"problem busting† team. This team is established for solving the problems which discovered the in â€Å"fireside chat†, thus according to this situation we can see that leaders who is according to the situations of the organizational development. Furthermore, as we can see that, as the â€Å"fireside chat† developed, and after this the members find the information is limited to share and the employees have limited problems to share, according to this situation, the leaders reduce the frequency of the â€Å"fireside chat† times. Thus we can say that the leaders who is Howard and Debrito are using the situational leadership approach as well as the participative leadership approach, which ask the members to join the â€Å"fireside chat† and share the ideas each other, and the leaders also adjust the leadership style according to the development of the â€Å"fireside chat† as well as the members’ emotions. Do you agree the project will succeed or not? As far as I am concerned I disagree with Algoma Howard that just has a Carlos Debrito in the Colorado project. As we can see from the case, Carlos Debrito is the employee who worked in the Alberta office in the COST Company, and he is respected by the employees in the COST Company, as we can see from the case he served in every possible line and staff position at COST Company, thus he know the COST Company well, for the each possible line and the staff’s position. Furthermore, as we can see from the case, that he understand the problems what the staffs facing now, and the technical problems that the company facing now, thus he is an skilled as well as the experienced employees in the Alberta office in the COST Company. Furthermore, he worked 26 years old in the Alberta office in the COST Company, and he knows the COST Company well. Moreover, as we can see from the case, Howard invited Debrito as the leaders in the Alberta project, and during the project, he point many methods to help the organization to achieve the goals, as well as to help them solving the conflict between the labors and the professionals. Although Debrito know how to solve the problems during the Alberta offices, Debrito know how to solve the conflict between labors and professions, and he has ability, he has knowledge and he a skilled as well as experienced employees and leaders. When happened in the Colorado the situations are different, as Debrito worked just in the Alberta office, and he do many researches on the Alberta office, and although he understand the problems of the employees, but he do not know the details in the Colorado office, thus if Howard just has Debrito in the Colorado project, as far as I am concerned it is not enough. The best way for the Howard is to invite the leaders who understand the Colorado project well, and combine the leader with Debrito together to solving the problems and help the COST Company solving the problems as well as achieving the goals. . 0 Conclusion: work team effectiveness What is team effectiveness? â€Å"Team effectiveness refers to the system of getting people in a company or institution to work together effectively. The idea behind team effectiveness is that a group of people working together can achieve much more than if the individuals of the team were working on their own. † (WiseGEEK, 2012) As we ca n see that it is better for the company to achieve the team working effectiveness, if the companies make the team effectiveness, they can solve the problems effectively and they can achieve the goals effectively as well. There are several ways for the organization to testing their team effectiveness, on the following paragraph I will focus on the methods what to testing the team effectiveness as well as give some recommendations for the COST Company to develop their team effectiveness. First of all, is the right mix skill, â€Å"team effectiveness depends in part on bringing together people who have different skills that somehow complement each other. † (WiseGEEK, 2012) as we can see that it is important for the company to bringing all the skilled, experienced together in a team to help the company solving to problems as well as to help them achieving the goals. Thus as we can see from the COST Company, when the Howard became the CEO in the Alberta office, he invited Debrito as a leader in the Alterta’s project, and Alberta is the employee who respect by the employees and he is the skilled people and experienced people. Moreover, as far as I am concerned, the COST Company should invite more skilled and experienced people, who can help the COST Company solving the problems as well as to help them achieve the goals. The second is the right motivation, â€Å"team effectiveness is directly linked to the interest that the group has on the project. If the job is too easy or too difficult, or if the rewards for achieving the end result do not seem worth the effort, the team may end up working half-heartedly in the project. † (WiseGEEK, 2012) As we can see that the motivations are very important to the team, if the team leaders always do the motivations for the employees, the employees will worked well and will help the organization solving the problems as well as to achieving the goals. Thus in the CSOT Company, the leaders in the organization should do a lot of things to do the motivations for the employees, make sure every employees are happy working in the organization, and to improve their working effectively. Last but not at least, â€Å"is the ability to solve conflicts without compromising the quality of the project, the team work has one major downfall. Sometimes groups end up making decisions they know are not in the best interest of the project, just so they can keep the process moving. Conflict is innate to any work done in group, and should be taken as part of the challenge rather than as something to be avoided by compromising. †(WiseGEEK, 2012) as we can see that if want make the team effectiveness, the organization has to solving the problems of conflict, as we can see from the COST Company, in Alberta project, the leaders tried their best to solving the conflict between the labors and the professionals. Moreover, as far as I am concerned, the team has to solve more conflict between the labors. All in all, the organization want to make the team effectiveness, they must organize the skilled person together, and to provide the motivation for the employees, moreover, to solve the conflict in the organization. If the organization establishes the effectiveness team, they can solve the problems as well as to achieving the organization goals. Bibliography 1. Susan M. Heathfield (2012) what are the stages of team development [Online] Available at: http://humanresources. about. com/od/teambuilding/f/team_stages. htm (Accessed date: 15th Nov, 2012) 2. MSG (2012) Team Development- meaning, stages and forming an effective team [Online] Available at: http://www. managementstudyguide. com/team-development. htm (Accessed date: 15th Nov, 2012) 3. Center for Management amp; Organization effectiveness (2012) Team Development amp; Team Building [Online] Available at: http://www. cmoe. com/team-development. htm (Accessed date: 15th Nov, 2012) 4. Harvard Business Review (2012) Choose the right leadership approach [Online] available at: http://business. time. com/2012/07/27/choose-the-right-leadership-approach/ (Accessed date: 15th, 2012) . JoomlArt (2012) Five Approaches to Leadership [Online] Available at: http://www. roxburghmissionalnet. com/index. php? option=com_contentamp;view=articleamp;id=139:five-approachesamp;catid=45:leadershipamp;Itemid=89 (Accessed date: 15th Nov, 2012) 6. WISEGEEK (2012) what is Team Effectiveness? [Online] Available at: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-team-effectiveness. htm#lbss (Accessed date: 15th Nov, 20 12) 7. Mind Tool Ltd (2012) Team Effectiveness Assessment [Online] Available at: http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMM_84. htm (Accessed date: 15th Nov, 2012)

The Trolley Problem Sample Essay Example For Students

The Trolley Problem Sample Essay The Trolley Problem is set up in two parts. The first portion of this job puts the reader in a inactive place to take between jostling a big individual onto the path doing one individual to decease to salvage the five other people and forbearing and making nil would let the five to decease and the one individual to populate. The 2nd portion of this scenario would set Frank in a really personal place to take to make something about the state of affairs at manus. or to allow five people die ; or intentionally force a big individual to salvage the five. This would look like a really difficult pick for most people. The moral issue in inquiry is to look at a big individual as the reply to halt the streetcar. If the big individual is pushed in forepart of the streetcar to salvage the five people. one would be doing a scruples determination to stop someone’s life. I will utilize Kant’s positions of how this determination would look to me to be morally impermissible. by deontol ogist moralss. and psychologist points of position. We will write a custom essay on The Trolley Problem Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I believe Kant would see the scenario as impermissible because of his positions on the categorical jussive mood. Kant’s categorical jussive mood is to neer move in such a manner that a axiom should go a cosmopolitan jurisprudence. One’s responsibility is ever a connexion between moral Torahs. Kant believes that you can take to make things or non to make things. What is right for a cosmopolitan jurisprudence? Then Kant argues that morality is based neither on rule of public-service corporation. nor on a jurisprudence of nature but merely on human ground. Harmonizing to Kant. ground tells us what we ought to make. and so we follow our ain ground. So. to force a big individual in forepart of a streetcar would be utilizing person as a agency to acquire an terminal. Kant feels we should non utilize people as a agency. no affair what the feeling. Kant’s expression for humanity is that one would move in such a manner as to handle humanity. whether in your ain individual or in the individual of another. ever at the same clip as an terminal. So Kant’s cardinal thought here is non to utilize person as a tool. even though your end would hold good logical thinking. First I will see how deontologist moralss would see forcing person in forepart of a streetcar impermissible. Harmonizing to Sanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. the position of deontologist moralss is that some picks can non be justified in their affects. No affair how good result is supposed to be. some picks are merely morally out. Deontologists are committed to the following Catholic divinity. â€Å"We are flatly out to mean such immoralities as killing the inexperienced person or tormenting others. We are obligated non to kill the inexperienced person for illustration. † ( Sanford 6. 7 ) . This quote suggests that people should non kill a individual no affair how good the purposes are of the individual. Deontologists feel that a individual has to be willing to give their life. Another individual can non do that determination for them. I feel deontologists would be 1s to follow the Ten Commandments. They would reason that it is morally incorrect for Frank to force a big indi vidual in from of an out of control streetcar. One may see it as killing person versus the option of allowing other individuals live. Therefore. killing an person on intent is non merely worse than allowing the five persons dice. it is still. finally. morally incorrect. The 6th Commandment in the bible. in Exodus 20:13. provinces. â€Å"Thou shall non kill† . In the instance of Frank forcing a big individual to halt the streetcar. he would be interfering with the natural class of the existence by killing one individual. and go againsting the regulations established by his God. Frank would truly be deliberately doing the decease of the big adult male. However. if Frank choruss and does nil. he would non be allowing five dice. He did non mean for those five people to be placed in the way of decease and devastation. The streetcar would so merely travel along to its intended way. and Frank would non hold violated the Sixth Commandment. Dr. Joshua Green of Harvard University suggests that there is a psychological ground why Frank should non force the big individual in forepart of the streetcar. The psychological position of double procedure morality supports the impermissibility of forcing the big individual in forepart of the streetcar. The doubl e procedure theory provinces that a individual has concluding based on what seems to be true. without believing. and more controlled cognitive responses promotes the greater good of a state of affairs. esteeming the rights of people. ( Greene 11 ) . Dr. Greene calls the streetcar job the â€Å"footbridge dilemma† . .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad , .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .postImageUrl , .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad , .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:hover , .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:visited , .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:active { border:0!important; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:active , .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdeaac1ecf650dfeddde27ff7d5052ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Breaksfast Club EssayHe has found that people have said that they would disapprove of person being pushed in forepart of the streetcar because it has a negative result. Greene has besides stated. â€Å"People have a negative emotional response to the streetcar job because of the more personal nature in that case† ( Greene 13 ) . Harmonizing to the double procedure theory the streetcar job brings up two issues. 1 ) the struggle between emotional intuition and 2 ) the struggle with emotional intuition. The emotional intuition has been the more dominate reply for people to make up ones mind upon in the streetcar instance. In a instance survey by Greene he found tha t patients who have dementia were more likely to O.K. of the â€Å"footbridge dilemma† ( trolley job ) than those who have healthy logical thinking processing. The patients who were mentally unstable. with dementedness and assorted mental diseases. approved of person being pushed in forepart of a streetcar opposed to those who did non hold any mental defects to change their judgement. So in this psychologist position I have found that it is morally impressionable because it is mentally unhealthy to so. This was a instance survey of patients who did non hold good logical thinking accomplishments or capablenesss determination devising and the streetcar job. In his The Doctrine of the Double Side Affect. Dr. Nucci at the University of Duisburg suggests that there is a 3rd ground why forcing a big individual in forepart of the streetcar is impermissible. Dr. Nucci stated. â€Å"It is morally impermissible to force a fat adult male in forepart of a trolley† ( Nucci 2 ) . He has besides stated that ‘killing is merely killing† no affair what the agency or results seem to be. ( Nucci 2 ) . Dr. Nucci provides statistical analysis in the treatment of â€Å"fat adult male and the streetcar problem† . Harmonizing. to Dr. Nucci this idea is backed up by â€Å"Hauser’s Moral Sense Test† and a BBC trial canvass. About 90 % of the persons who took the trial said it would non be morally allowable to force the fat adult male in forepart of the streetcar and salvage the five. The same consequences came from a BBC intelligence canvass where 73 % of the respondents answered merely â€Å"NO† to the inquiry tha t was asked† should you kill the fat man† ? ( Nucci 12 ) . So in this point Dr. Nucci is demoing that the bulk regulations it to be incorrect to force the fat adult male in forepart of the streetcar. and supports the Doctrine of Double Side Affect. The statement of making versus leting brings up a moral difference of killing and allowing dice. Dr. Nucci suggests that forcing the big adult male in forepart of the streetcar is morally worse than allowing five people dice. He says that our negative responsibility of avoiding injury to an person is greater than our positive responsibility to convey assistance and aid to an person ( Nucci 12 ) . We should non kill anyone in either of the streetcar scenarios. 1 ) the fat adult male scenario. or 2 ) the switch streetcar scenario. Harmonizing to Dr. Nucci we should non kill a individual as a agency and side effects harmonizing to â€Å"The Doctrine of Double Side Affect† . We are more than probably to assist people in their clip of hurt than to be the 1s doing that hurt to others. I took a study of module and pupils at Wake Tech. locals. and relatives refering the fat adult male scenario in the streetcar job. I asked the followers of the study participants: 1. If you were Frank. would you force the fat adult male in forepart of the streetcar? 2. If you were the fat adult male what would you make? 3. Would you desire to be pushed in forepart of the streetcar?4. Is it allowable or impressionable?The first respondent was Tumar Thomas. He is a 32 twelvemonth pupil at Wake Tech. His response was. â€Å" If I was the heaviest 1. I would give myself for the greater good of the five if they were adult females and kids. If it was merely five work forces I would allow nature take its class. † I found this morally impermissible. The 2nd response was an 18 twelvemonth old college pupil named Adryanna Messer. She said. â€Å"Yes. I would give for the greater good and salvage the five people. If I were to give for those five people. I would hold to hold a conversation with God foremost. If I had non sacrificed myself. the guilt would eat me up inside of what could hold been? If I did non make anything. I would happen that to be morally allowable. The following four respondents were module. locals and relations. The 3rd respondent was Carolyn Koonig. the disablement services adviser . She said the following in response to the scenario and inquiries. â€Å"It would non be my determination to give a individual. It would be up to God to do that determination. non me. .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f , .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .postImageUrl , .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f , .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:hover , .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:visited , .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:active { border:0!important; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:active , .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61221648f9e1e51ca24d3b400aec579f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critical analysis on A good man is hard to find EssayYou can non set a value on human life. One life is non more of import than another life. I find this morally impermissible† . The following was a local college pupil Daquin McDaniel at NC State. She said. â€Å"In that case. I would force the big adult male to salvage the five. I would be salvaging lives. I would be losing one life to salvage others. I do happen this morally allowable to make. † The following was the local bibliothec at Green Road Library. Martha Spencer. She said. â€Å"No. I would non force a big adult male in forepart of a streetcar to halt the streetcar. There is no warrant that it woul d halt the out of control streetcar. If it did non work. I would hold murdered person for no ground. I find this to be morally impermissible. † Last respondent to this study is Tonya Nooks. my female parent. She said. â€Å"No. I would non force a big adult male in forepart of an out of control streetcar. That would non for me to make up ones mind. I would seek to warn others of the out of control streetcar and non ache person else. Yes I do happen this morally impermissible† . In decision. the author believes that forcing person in forepart of a streetcar is incorrect for the undermentioned three grounds. 1 ) the philosophy of the dual side effects. 2 ) double procedure logical thinking. and 3 ) deontologist moralss. I believe that forcing person in forepart of a streetcar is incorrect because of my belief system. and I would hold to reply to God for what I would hold done. No 1 should be able to make up ones mind if that person’s life terminals. It would non be a person’s determination to do other than the big adult male himself. Hippocrates provinces. â€Å"Make a wont of two things: to assist or at least do no injury. † We should make no injury to anyone. We should assist people. but we should non set them in danger. Plants Cited Greene. Joshua. â€Å"William James Hall Home Page. † The Cognitive Neuroscience of Moral Judgment. N. p. . 2008 Dec. 1. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wjh. Harvard University. edu/ gt ; . Deontologist Ethics. † ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) . N. p. . 21 Nov. 2007. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //plato. Stanford. edu/entries/plato/ gt ; . Di Nucci. Ezio. The Doctrine of Double Effect and the Trolley Problem. N. p. September 20. 2011. Web 07 Nov 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //ssrn. com/abstract=1930832.

Color Cosmetics Essay Example

Color Cosmetics Essay Example Color Cosmetics Essay Color Cosmetics Essay The color cosmetics category can be complex the number of products, claims, and the Introduction of multitasking formulas can overwhelm even the sallowest of make- up users. As a result, women are looking for guidance from a variety of sources including both online and in-store. Browse Full Report With TCO: towpath. Nonrepresentational. Biz/analysis-details/ color-cosmetics-us-July-2014 Table of Content Scope and Themes What you need to know Definition Data sources Sales data Consumer survey data Abbreviations and terms Abbreviations Terms Executive Summary The market Figure 1 : Total US sales and fan chart forecast of color cosmetics, at current prices, 2009-19 Market factors Figure 2: Use of color cosmetics, by household income, April 2014 Segment performance Figure 3: Total US retail sales of color cosmetics, segmented by type, 201 2 and 2014 Key players To Get Download Full Report with TCO: Nonrepresentational. Biz/sample/ sample/212312 Figure 4: MULL sales of the top five mass market color cosmetics companies, rolling 52 weeks 2013 and 2014 The consumer Lip make-up and mascara are most used products Figure 5: use of color cosmetics, April 2014 Women seek long-wearing, lightweight facial cosmetics Figure 6: Top five benefits sought when selecting facial cosmetics, April 2014 Volumes ranks as most Important mascara benefit 18-24 age group, April 2014 Women want lip products that moisturizer and are long- wearing Figure 8: Top five benefits sought when selecting lip cosmetics, total respondents and 18-24 age group, April 2014 What we think Issues and Insights Mass market is struggling The issues The implications: Leverage technology, creative retailing Multi-benefit products stealing share from foundation, skincare The issues The implications: Offer spectrum of coverage, highlight new usage occasions Shoppers seek different benefits depending on product, lifestyle The issues The implications: Implement targeted marketing efforts, customize product offerings Trend Application Trend: Secret, Secret Trend: Non-standard society Trend: Make it Mine Market Size and Forecast Key points Sales and forecast of color cosmetics Figure 9: Total US sales and forecast of color cosmetics, at current prices, 2009-19 Figure 10: Total US sales and forecast of color cosmetics, at inflation-adjusted prices, 009-19 Future looks solid for color cosmetics Figure 1 1: Total US sales and fan chart forecast of color cosmetics, at current prices, 2009-19 Forecast methodology To Read Complete Report with TCO: Nonrepresentational. Is/analysis/ 212312 Market Drivers Wealth disparity benefits both prestige and budget brands Figure 1 2: University of Michigan index of consumer sentiment (CICS), 2007-14 Figure 13: Use of color cosmetics, by household income, April 2014 Trend-driven nature of category drives market Technology impacts how women interact with make-up Competitive Context Segment Performance Facial make-up sales remain strong Lip cosmetics see optics in growth Sales of color cosmetics, by segment Figure 14: Total US retail sales of color cosmetics, segmented by type, 2012 and 2014 Figure 1 5: Key purchase measures for color cosmetic products, by household penetration, 52 weeks ending DCE. 30, 2012 (year ago) and DCE. 9, 2013 (current) Segment Performance Facial Cosmetics Sales are solid for facial cosmetics Sales and forecast of facial cosmetics Figure 16: Total US sales and forecast of facial cosmetics, at current prices, 2009-19 Segment Performance Eye Cosmetics Slow growth expected for eye cosmetics Sales and forecast of eye cosmetics Figure 17: Total US sales and forecast of eye cosmetics, at current prices, 2009-19 Segment Performance Lip Cosmetics Lip cosmetic sales are on the rise Sales and fo recast of lip cosmetics Figure 18: Total US sales and forecast of lip cosmetics, at current prices, 2009-19 Contact US: Office: United States State Tower 90 state street, suite 700 Albany, NY 12207 United States Toll Free: 866-997-4948 Tell: +1-518-618-1030 E: [emailprotected] Biz

Outlining on hove smartphones improved Americans live Essay

Outlining on hove smartphones improved Americans live - Essay Example The use of smartphone applications has helped healthcare professionals and laypersons in the following ways, which include; The work environment has been made more palatable through the increased acceptance of smartphones. Most companies have integrated the smartphones as integral tools for assessment, information gathering, communication and training, and transacting with clients (Pitichat 5). The specific tasks performed by the smartphones to make the functions of organizations seamless include; c. Smartphones have made it easier for employees to get in contact with clients and complete transactions offsite. This has been enhanced by the use of video conferencing capabilities of the smartphones. This platform can also be used by the management to contact their employees and amongst the employees themselves. Socialization and the entertainment of Americans have also benefited from the increased use of smartphones. The ability of phones to get Wi-Fi and the increased ability to get 4G network capabilities has enabled people to access the internet Sarwar and Soomro (223). The increased access to the internet has brought increased use of social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook and online entertainment such as the Apple Store. Entertainment has also benefited through the increased ease in accessing information and facilities such as concerts and ticketing. Pitichat, T. Smartphones in the workplace: Changing organizational behavior, transforming the future. LUX: A Journal of Transdisciplinary Writing and Research fromClaremont Graduate University, 3 (1). P. 1-10, 2013.

Assignment of Religion and Environment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of Religion and Environment - Assignment Example Maya- the Maya religion developed in the west before arrival of the Spanish. They worshipped nature gods such the gods of the sun or rain. The main significance of the ballgame highlights the Mayas belief in life death and rebirth/resurrection. Sabbath- the term Sabbath is derived from the bible in the story of God’s creation in the book of genesis. He created earth in 6 days and rested on the 7th day. Its significance is for Christians to take rest from their busy schedules and have a day to honor God and keep it holy as written in the commandments. Dukha- the act of trying to grasp, cling, having passion or craving for something that cannot be obtained. Its significance is to ensure religion is based on experimenting all things either natural or spiritual as a meaningful unity. Catharsis- the word catharsis is derived from a Greek word kathoros meaning to purify or keeping it clean. It is used by Christians by using it in the beyond limits of ordinary experience to that free or cleanse souls. Miasma- the term miasma is a Greek mythology that means a contagious power that has another independent life of its own until a wrongdoer who sacrifices to die to help cleanse the society from getting infected by catastrophes (Patton, 2006). What is the myth of Hindu fire mare and how does Patton explain the significance of this myth in relation to environmental pollution. Hindu fare mare is the myth that fire brings images concealing immense energy; it gives a chance of survival to humans and would destroy everything in the end of time. Agni the fire goddess is present in all three worlds and helps settle disputes or act as a witness in ceremonies such as marriage.(patton, 2006) Patton explains that many cultures have made the sea sacred in believing that it can was away dirty or immoral, majorly anything contaminating. In return, the oceans and seas take in limitless amount of waste and the ecologists are slow to act (Illich,

Microeconomics Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microeconomics Questions - Essay Example Therefore, a product with high total revenue is less elastic than the products with less or low total revenue. Bottled water is elastic since there exists alternative or substitute to bottled water like un-bottled water which might be cheaper. Toothpaste is also very elastic since there exists very many brands of toothpaste and some people may go without using toothpaste so they consider it not so necessary. The cookie dough ice cream has inelastic demand for changes in price leads to a small change in quantity demanded. This is because the product is not a necessity. Fresh green beans have an elastic demand for it is a perishable good, a small change in price will lead to a larger change in quantity demanded. Also, given a short time period allowed for the customers to adjust to the prices, the elasticity of the fresh green beans less elastic. For gasoline, being that there exist several substitutes for the product, there is a greater elasticity of the product. That is, a small chan ge in the price can lead to a larger change in the quantity demanded. Externalities: a positive externality is the effect of a project on the people not involved in the project but in a way that is productive or in a beneficial way to those people. For example, a project to tarmac a road leading to a sugar cane plantation benefits even those who are not concerned directly with the plantation when they enjoy the goodness that comes with a tarmac road even to access market with their own goods. On the other hand, a negative externality is the negative effect of a project or a cost to those who are not directly involved in the project. For instance, a paper milling factory emits poisonous gasses and heavy compounds to the environment posing the society around to health risks. The government therefore needs to encourage and promote positive externalities by providing subsidies and reducing taxes for the materials that are used in such projects. For negative externalities, the government needs to price higher the license for starting up such projects, can impose heavy taxes, tough regulations and charges or even issue a barn order to initiating such kind of projects. For instance, for the above examples, the government needs to subsidize the road construction or remove taxes on the materials used to build the road and in the case of the paper milling company; the government should impose tough regulations such as the factory should put up a hospital to treat the affected people freely and also to carry out frequent checks on the people to find out any developing diseases from them. Others can be to force the factory to reduce their waste into less harmful gases by installing pollution control devices which might be very expensive to install or impose heavy taxes on the factory if it is necessary to exist. Short and long run: being that the customers are so many in the restaurant on a daily routine and they eat without tables brings some sense that the issue on the table is not a very urgent need that should be dealt with as a short run problem. Therefore, the restaurant can just continue making profits with the already available fixed inputs and equipment and plan to provide tables much later after the business has made enough profits. In the short run therefore, the restaurant can major on how to increase labor that is used to prepare

Analysis of Unified Modelling Language

Analysis of Unified Modelling Language Chapter 1: Introduction Context of the Problem The Unified Modeling Language is a graphical modeling language used for the visualization, specification, construction, and documentation of object-oriented software systems. It has been adopted by the Object Management Group (OMG) and is widely accepted as a standard in industry and research. The UML provides thirteen types of diagrams for different purpose. This thesis focuses on sequence and class diagram known as structure diagram and behavior diagram. Sequence forms concentrate on the presentation of dynamic aspects of a software system, and class forms the structural view of software system. Sequence diagrams stress time ordering while Class focus on static. In Model-driven Architecture (MDA), class diagram is the source for code generation in object-oriented development (Pender, 2003), so how to map what we find in the interaction diagram back to class diagram become an important subject if we want to develop system from behavior aspect initially. There are some existing relatively modest tool supports exploiting the logical dependencies of UML diagrams. Some systems maintain method lists across class diagrams and sequence diagrams and the transformation between sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. However, nowadays, the two diagrams that sequence and Class are draw divided and can not be transformed between each other. And there is no comprehensive framework that would support such mechanisms throughout these two diagram types in a systematic way (Selonen et al., 2003). That waste much time to maintain system and often make the system development documents should rewrite again and again. To solve these problems, a transformation theorem which proposed by Selonen et al. (2003) is cited in this paper. Selonen et al. (2003) propose a framework and categorize meaningful transformation operations between different diagram types in UML. These operations can be used, for example, for model checking, merging, slicing and synthesis (Selonen et al., 2003). The transformation operation can be used as a basis of tool support in UML-based modeling tools. With these operations, we can get the benefits as follows: Class Diagram becomes easier and faster to create because they can be achieved as results of automated operations. Class Diagram becomes more consistent and correct because they are either produced or updated automatically, or checked against each other exploiting the transformation operations. Improve the software development process. The process of agile modeling become from use case to sequence diagram and then translated to class diagram. It will be more simply and efficiency. Research Question and sub-questions How does the transformation between sequence and Class diagrams make systems easier to develop and maintain and avoid system development documents to be rewritten all the time? What are meta-modeling, Meta Object Facility and Object Constraint language? How to operate the transformation? How does the transformation work in the real world (Examples)? Significance of the Study Sequence diagrams provide a natural and easy medium for designing the examples of typical dynamic interactions of objects, often as refined representations of use cases. After modeling examples of interactions, the designer should add the information implied by the sequence diagrams to the static view (class diagrams), or check that the static view conforms to the sequence diagrams (Selonen et al., 2000). The sequence diagram and class diagram derived from the same use case and can not be transformed between each other. This paper discusses a particular UML transformation operation mentioned in (Selonen et al., 2003), which transforms from a sequence diagram into a class diagram. The transformation operation is based on the UML 2.0 Specification (OMG, 2003), which defines the syntax and semantics of UML. The thesis defines the rules on the phases of this transformation operation and gives a transformation example to show the result of transformation. This paper will concentrate on the conceptual research of UML semantics, and do not concentrate on any development tool. However, OCL will be used to describe the transformation rules and hoped can be used in UML-based modeling tools development. I hope that the steps of modeling will improve; Support for synthesizing a new class diagram from an existing sequence diagram can provide significant help for the designer. Such synthesis operation helps the designer keep the two diagrams consistent because the synthesized class diagram can be compared with existing class diagram. The transformation operation also speeds up the design process, and to decrease the risk of human errors. In UML CASE tool vendors can implement this transformation operation in their tools to get the benefits described above. Research Design and Methodology The protocol for this research project is mostly using qualitative by design. A Case study will be used as the most important a strategy of research methodology in the study. The research process consists of six steps. It collects and analysis the documents and papers which are corresponding to the UML transformation thesis, OCL and MDA transformation theory. Then proposing a transformation framework for transformation from sequence diagram to class diagram and concluding transformation mapping rules. This paper will testify and revise the transformation mapping rules via implement a real case of agile modeling development process. And finally proposing the research result, and discuss the conclusion and future work. Organization of the Study Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter one introduces the research. This chapter will present the context of the problem, the problem statement, the main research question, the significance of the study, and the research methodology used to address the main research question. Chapter 2: Review of the Literature Chapter two gives an overview of the background literature for the thesis. Chapter 3: Meta-modeling, Meta Object Facility and Object Constraint language Chapter three will give the brief introduction of UML, MDA, meta-model, transformation and OCL are described at first, followed are the separate meta-models of sequence and class diagram. Chapter 4: Operation of the Transformation Chapter four will propose a framework of transformation from Sequence diagram to Class diagram. Also, a rule will be defined on every phase of transformation, using OCL to describe transformation rules. Chapter 5: Example of the Translations Chapter five will be working on a Case Study, and demonstrating the transformation for a true case in the real world. Chapter 6: Conclusion Chapter six will present the summery and conclusion. Chapter 2: Review of Literature 2.1 UML The complexity in software development process of getting from a set of requirements to a proper abstraction of the solution leads people to develop models. A model is a simplification of something so we can view, manipulate, and reason about it, and so help us understand the complexity inherent in the subject under study (Mellor et al., 2004). The UML is a family of graphical notations, backed by single meta-model, that help in describing and designing software systems, particularly software systems built using the object-oriented (OO) style (Fowler, 2003). The Unified Modeling Language (UML), since adopted as a standard (UML 1.1) by OMG in 1997, has become a widely accepted as standard for modeling a software system. The latest UML version 2.0 has been formally adopted in June 2003, and it will be applied throughout this thesis. UML 2 describes 13 official diagram types which fall in two categories depending on whether they describe structural or behavioral aspects of a software system. The UML can capture an array of processes and structures which related to business and software. UML has such power that a modeler can use it for the general architecture of any construction that has both a static structure and dynamic behavior. A project can rely on UML as the standard language to express requirements, system design, deployment instructions, and code structure (Eriksson et al., 2004). 2.2 Agile Modeling Test case modeling and an evolutionary approach are two major and strongly related techniques to model transformation (Rumpe, 2004). UML nowadays has become popular modeling language for software intensive systems used. Models can be used for a variety of purposes. One advantage of using models for test case description is the application specific parts which are modeled with UML-diagrams, such as connection to frameworks, error handling, persistence, or communication are handled by the parameterized code generator (Rumpe, 2004). This allows us to develop models which can be independent of any technology or platform, such as PIM. When the technology changes, we only need to update the generator, and the application defining models can directly be reused. This concept also directly supports the above mentioned MDA-Approach (OMG, 2005) of the OMG. Another important merit is that both of the production code and automatically executable tests are modeled by the same UML diagrams. Therefore developers could use a single homogeneous language to describe implementation and tests. This will enhance the availability of tests at the beginning of the coding activities. Analogously to the â€Å"test first approach† (Beck, 2001), sequence diagrams are used for test cases and can be taken from the previously modeled requirements. When we start software modeling by drawing classes in a class diagram does not mean we are developing a class model. Instead, we are developing a software model by defining static aspects through a static view. If we start our development by drawing a dynamic diagram, like the state or sequence diagram, we are developing a software model by defining dynamic aspects through a dynamic view. The class and sequence diagrams could better be called structural and dynamic views. They are all written in the same language: UML (Kleppe et al, 2003). In Agile modeling (Ambler, 2002), we develop an Information system in following steps by using UML. System Use Case Models UI Prototypes UML Class Diagrams UML Sequence Diagrams UML Activity Diagrams Use case diagram shows a number of external actors and their connection to the use cases that the system provides. A use case is a description of a functionality (a specific usage of the system) that the system provides. The description of the actual use case is normally done in plain text or as a document linked to the use case. The functionality and flow can also be described using an activity diagram. The use case description only views the system behavior as the user perceives it and does not describe how the functionality is provided inside the system. Use cases define the functional requirements of the system. Sequence diagrams address an interaction and may be used to model flows within use cases (Booch et al., 1999). They show how the objects interact to execute operations, emphasis on the time ordering of the messages. Class diagrams shows a collection of declarative (static) model elements, such as classes, types, and their contents and relationships. Once we have the use cases, the next step is to create the class diagram. This is the heart of the object-oriented model. This paper concentrates on the steps of modeling from Use Case Models to Class Diagrams and sequence Diagrams. 2.3 MDA The MDA is a new software engineering approach developed and published by the Object Management Group (OMG). One fundamental observation in the evolution of living software systems over the years is that their basic design models are mostly unchanged. Most changes to evolving software systems take place only at engineering level, forced by the introduction of new technologies and platforms (BAohme et al., 2005). MDA promotes simply the usage of models for the whole software system development. To capture the problem of technology evolution MDA defines two categories of models. The first one is for abstract modeling of the software systems at the design level. This model class is called Platform Independent Model (PIM). The second category is related to specific platforms and technologies. It contains mainly engineering aspects of the software system and is called Platform Specific Model (PSM). Between these two classes of models, MDA defines a relation in the form of several transformations, which ensure the structural equivalence of PIM and PSM. Another key issue of MDA is a technology framework for different kinds of model handling (storage, exchange, mapping of models, etc.). The Meta Object Facility (MOF) (OMG, 2000) is convenient for this purpose. Historically modeling languages were defined by abstract grammars. MOF instead defines modeling languages on the base of so-called Meta-Models. Meta-Models are models (instances) of built-in MOF concepts. Using this framework the developer can focus more on the definition of mappings between models rather than having to struggle with ordinary model handling. This is due to the fact that MOF comes with a method for the definition of model classes (Meta-Models) and for the exchange of models using the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). In addition, MOF provides mappings of Meta-Models to repository interfaces as well. Such a repository holds all necessary information about model instances. The above argument is correct for most of todays component technology. To show the real application we have to choose concrete Meta-Models for PIM and PSM. This also leads to the selection of appropriate Meta-Models and notations for PIM and PSM. One requirement for both is the support of the component concept as a first class concept. Moreover, the Meta-Model for the PSM should be part of a well-defined and established component technology. Because the spread industrial usage is a process consuming several years, the suitable technologies have traditional syntax based languages for component definition. MDA exploits the emergence of a class of tools, which support model translation and allow meta-model manipulation. Meta-models are models of the formalism used to build models. They define the various kinds of contained model elements and the way they are arranged, related and constrained. The process of developing a model results in the creation of instances of the model elements defined in the meta-model – the meta-model is â€Å"populated† with instance data. Model transformation is the process of converting a model expressed in one formalism to another model of the same system expressed using a different formalism. This can be achieved by building a meta-model of each of the source and target model representations and then defining a mapping between them. The meta-model of the source model is populated with instance data of the specific source model to be transformed. The mapping rules are applied as a set of operations invoked on the source meta-model, which results in a meta-model of the target model populated with instance data. This populated target meta-model is then used to generate the target model (or possibly the target text in the case of code generation. (Bloomfield, 2005) 2.4 Models, modeling, and MDA Models and model-driven software development are at the heart of the MDA approach. So it is appropriate to start by looking at what is being practiced when enterprise application developers take advantage of modeling. In the software engineering world, modeling has a rich tradition from the earliest days of programming. The most recent innovations have focused on notations and tools that allow users to express system perspectives of value to software architects and developers in ways that are readily mapped into the programming language code that can be compiled for a particular operating system platform. The current state of this practice employs the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as the primary modeling notation (Rumbaugh et al.,1999). The UML allows development teams to capture a variety of important characteristics of a system in corresponding models. Transformations among these models are primarily manual, with tool support for managing traceability and dependency relationships among modeling elements, supported by best practice guidance on how to maintain synchronized models as part of a large-scale development effort. One useful way to characterize current practice is to look at the different ways in which the models are synchronized with the source code. Each category identifies a particular use of models in assisting software practitioners to create running applications (code) for a specific runtime platform, and the relationship between the models and the code. Today, most of software developers still take a code-only approach, and do not use separately defined models at all. They rely almost entirely on the code they write, and they express their model of the system they are building directly in a 3rd generation programming language such as Java, C++, or C# within an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) such as IBM WebSphere Studio, Eclipse, and Microsoft VisualStudio. Any â€Å"modeling† they do is in the form of programming abstractions embedded in the code (e.g., packages, modules, interfaces, etc.), which are managed through mechanisms such as program libraries and object hierarchies. Any separate modeling of architectural designs is informal and intuitive, and lives on whiteboards, in PowerPoint sides, or in the developers’ heads. While this may be adequate for individuals and very small teams, this approach makes it difficult to understand key characteristics of the system among the details of the implementation of the business logic. Furthermore, it becomes much more difficult to manage the evolution of these solutions as their scale and complexity increases, as the system evolves over time, or when the original members of the design team are not directly accessible to the team maintaining the system. An addition is to provide code visualizations in some appropriate modeling notation. As developers create or analyze an application, they often want to visualize the code through some graphical notation that aids their understanding of the code’s structure or behavior. It may also be possible to manipulate the graphical notation as an alternative to editing the text based code, so that the visual rendering becomes a direct representation of the code. Such rendering is sometimes called a code model, or an implementation model, although many feel it more appropriate to call these artifacts â€Å"diagrams† and reserve the use of â€Å"model† for higher levels of abstraction. Some tools that allow such diagrams (e.g., IBM Web Sphere Studio and Borland Together/J), the code view and the model view can be displayed simultaneously; as the developer manipulates either view the other is immediately synchronized with it. In this approach, the diagrams are tightly coupled representations of the code and provide an alternative way to view and possibly edit at the code level. Further advantage of the models can be taken through roundtrip engineering (RTE) between an abstract model of the system describing the system architecture or design, and the code. The developer typically elaborates the system design to some level of detail, then creating a first-pass implementation from the code generated by applying model-to-code transformations, usually manually. For instance, one team working on the high level design provides design models to the team working on the implementation (perhaps simply by printing out model diagrams, or providing the implementation team some files containing the models). The implementation team converts this abstract, high-level design into a detailed set of design models and the programming language implementation. Iterations of these representations will occur as errors and their corrections are made in either the design or the code. Consequently, without considerable discipline, the abstract models and the implementation models usually and quickly – end up out of step. Tools can automate the initial transformation, and can help to keep the design and implementation models in step as they evolve. Typically the tools generate code stubs from the design models that the user has to further refine. As changes are made to the code they must at some point be reconciled with the original model. To achieve this some approach to recognize generated versus user defined code is used such as placing markers in the code. Tools adopting this approach, such as IBM Rational Rose, can offer multiple transformation services supporting RTE between models and different implementation languages. In a model-centric approach, models of the system are established in sufficient detail that the full implementation of the system can be generated from the models themselves. To achieve this, the models may include, for example, representations of the persistent and non persistent data, business logic, and presentation elements. Any integration to legacy data and services may require that the interfaces to those elements are also modeled. In some cases much more than code stubs can be generated depending on the fidelity of the models of patterns to transform the models to code, frequently allowing the developer some choice in the patterns that are applied (e.g., among various deployment topologies). To further assist in the code generation, this approach frequently makes use of standard or proprietary application frameworks and runtime services that ease the code generation task by constraining the styles of applications that can be generated. Hence, tools using this approach typically specialize in the generation of particular styles of applications (e.g., IBM Rational Rose Technical Developer for real-time embedded systems). However, in all cases the models are the primary artifact created and manipulated by developers. A model-only approach is at the far-right end of the modeling spectrum. In this approach developers use models purely as thought aids in understanding the business or solution domain, or for analyzing the architecture of a proposed solution. Models are frequently used as the basis for discussion, communication, and analysis among teams within a single organization, or across multi-organizational projects. These models frequently appear in proposals for new work, or adorn the walls of offices and cubes in software labs everywhere as a way of understanding some complex domain of interest, and establishing a shared vocabulary and set of concepts among disparate teams. In practice the implementation of a system, whether from scratch or updating an existing solution, may be practically disconnected from the models. An interesting example of this approach can be seen in the growing number of organizations who outsource implementation and maintenance of their systems while maintaining contr ol of the overall enterprise architecture. 2.5 Transformations between UML diagrams UML provides different diagram types supporting the development process from requirements specification to implementation (Selonen et al., 2001). The models presented by different diagrams view a system from different perspectives or from different abstraction levels. Therefore, the various UML models of the same system are not independent specifications but strongly overlapping: they depend on each other in many ways. For Instance, changes in one model may imply changes in another, and a large portion of one model may be synthesized on the basis of another model. So far there exists relatively modest tool support exploiting the logical dependencies of UML models. Some systems (e.g. Rational Rose) maintain, for instance, method lists across class diagrams and sequence diagrams: adding a call of a new method in a sequence diagram automatically causes the corresponding updating of the class symbol in a class diagram. Another example is the transformation between sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams, also supported by Rational Rose. However, there is no comprehensive framework that would support such mechanisms throughout Class diagram and Sequence diagram in a systematic way. This paper studies the relationships of Class diagram and Sequence diagram in UML, and transformation operations that are based on those relationships. A transformation operation takes a UML diagram as its operand (the source diagram), and produces another diagram of another type as its result (the target diagram). It considers such transformation operations as an essential part of a UML- based software design environment. The transformation operations can be used for example in the following ways: Model checking:Are two diagrams consistent with each other? It is much easier to find inconsistencies between two diagrams of the same type than between two diagrams of different types. If the diagrams are of different types, transformation operations can be first applied to obtain two diagrams of the same type, which are then compared for consistency. Model merging:Add the information contained in one diagram to another diagram. Merging the modeling information of two diagrams is much easier when the diagrams are of the same type (Alanen and Porres, 2003). If the diagrams are of different types, transformation operations can be first applied to obtain two diagrams of the same type, which are then merged. Model slicing:Create a partial view of a diagram showing only a particular aspect. Often the aspect can be presented in the form of another diagram (of some other type). For example, one may want to see a dynamic slice of a static diagram. The diagram representing the slicing criterion (for example, a dynamic diagram) can be first transformed into the type of the target diagram (for example, a static diagram). An intersection of the two diagrams of the same type then shows the desired slice. Model synthesis:Produce a diagram on the basis of an existing diagram of another type. This is the most straightforward usage of transformation operations. Such synthesis can be useful for two purposes: to obtain automatically an initial form of a diagram needed in a subsequent phase of the software development process, or to obtain a different view of the information contained by a diagram. The latter may be used just as a transient view on a model, rather than as a persistent design artifact. 2.6 Phase of Transformation Operation Selonen et al. (2003) use the UML meta-model to define the transformation between UML diagrams. Since diagram types are only very loosely defined (the same notation may represent different meaning on different diagrams), we need to establish a precise mapping from a graphical view representing a diagram type to a model; i.e. we must define a model that corresponds to a given diagram. This model contains exactly the logical information exposed by the diagram, needed by the transformation operations. We will call this model the minimal model of the diagram. As we do this for all diagram types, we are able to define transformations between diagram types as functions from the meta-model of a diagram type to the meta-model of another diagram type. Such a function takes the minimal model of the source diagram as its argument, and produces the minimal model of the target diagram. They call the transformation rules the interpretation of the transformation. Assuming that the mappings from the source diagram into its minimal model, from this minimal model into the minimal model of the target diagram, and finally into the target diagram, are all defined uniquely, the transformation between two diagram types becomes fully defined (Selonen et al.,2003). First, take a given sequence diagram and map the sequence diagram to its minimal model. Then transform this minimal model to a minimal model of a class diagram. Finally, this minimal model is mapping to a class diagram in model level. This thesis will base on this process to introduce a definite transformation operation. Reference Tom Pender. (2003). UML Bible (1st edition). Wiley, ISBN: 0764526049 Martin Fowler. (2004). UML Distilled (3rd edition), Wesley, ISBN: 0321193687 Hans-Erik Eriksson, Magnus Penker, Brain Lyons, and David Fado. (2004). UML 2 Toolkit, Wiley, ISBN: 0471463612 Ambler. (2002). 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